Mir (English spelling)

Japanese: ミール(英語表記)mir
Mir (English spelling)
Also called obshchina. A traditional Russian rural community. The origin of the mir is thought to be very old, but with the development of feudal relations, from around the 15th and 16th centuries, peasants in each township (Vorosti) elected elders (starosta) and other community officials, who decided on the rights to harvest and join forests, fishing and hunting grounds. As serfdom strengthened throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the autonomy of such communities was gradually restricted by the government and landlords. When a poll tax was enacted at the beginning of the 18th century, serfs on landlord estates began to periodically reassign their cultivated land to each mir. At the beginning of the 19th century, this was extended to peasants on state land, and was officially recognized by a decree in 1838, with the mir bearing the joint responsibility for the tax burden. After the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, members of the mir held meetings (skhods) to elect elders and independently decide matters within the mir, but in 1889 these meetings came under government control. After the 1905 Revolution, PA Stolypin's reforms promoted private land ownership and led to the decline of the mir. The mir system was highly praised by Slavophiles as something unique to Russia, but also by populists such as AI Herzen, who touted it as the basis for Russia's transition directly to socialism without going through capitalism.

meal
Mir

A third-generation orbital scientific space station of the Soviet Union and Russia. It means "peace" and "world" in Russian. The first module was launched on February 20, 1986 to take over the functions of Salyut. It weighs 20 tons, has a diameter of 4.15 m, is 13.1 m long, has a solar array paddle deployed to a length of 30 m, generates approximately 10 kW of power, and can accommodate 5-6 crew members. It has six docking ports, and was completed after five modules, including the expansion module "Kvant," were docked with it between 1987 and 1996. It also docked with the U.S. Space Shuttle. Astronauts stayed on it almost constantly from March 1986 until June 2000, and from January 1994 to March 1995, Valery V. Polyakov of Russia set a space stay record of 437 days and 18 hours. In the late 1990s, accidents became frequent due to aging, and in August 1999, the spacecraft was converted to unmanned flight with the assumption that it would be scrapped. In April 2000, the Soyuz successfully docked and manned operations resumed, but in November 2000, the Russian government decided to drop it into the Pacific Ocean, which was carried out on March 23, 2001.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
オーブシチーナとも呼ばれる。伝統的なロシアの農村共同体。ミールの起源はきわめて古いと考えられるが,封建的諸関係の発達とともに 15~16世紀頃から各郷 (ボーロスチ) の農民が長老 (スターロスタ) をはじめ共同体の役員を選挙し,これらの役員が森林,漁・猟場の伐採権,入会権を決めるようになった。 17~18世紀を通じて農奴制が強化されるとともに,このような共同体の自治は,政府や地主によって次第に制限されるようになり,18世紀の初めに人頭税が制定されると,地主領の農奴はミールごとに耕地の定期的割替えを行うようになった。 19世紀の初頭にはこれが国有地農民にも及んで,1838年の法令で公認されるにいたり,ミールは税の負担を連帯責任とした。 61年の農奴解放以後,ミールの成員は集会 (スホード) を開いて長老を選挙し,ミール内部のことは自主的に取決めたが,89年にはこの集会も政府の管理下におかれるようになった。 1905年の革命後 P.A.ストルイピンの改革で私有地振興政策がとられ,ミールは衰退した。このミールの制度はロシア独特のものとしてスラブ主義者によって高く評価されたが,他方 A.I.ゲルツェンのような人民主義者も,これをロシアが資本主義を経過することなく直接社会主義へ移行する基盤であると宣伝した。

ミール
Mir

ソビエト連邦,ロシアの第3世代軌道科学宇宙ステーション。ロシア語で「平和」「世界」の意味。『サリュート』の機能を引き継ぐため,1986年2月20日に最初のモジュールが打ち上げられた。重量 20t,直径 4.15m,全長 13.1m,太陽電池パドル展開長 30m,発生電力約 10kW,乗員 5~6人。六つのドッキングポートをもち,1987~96年の間に拡張モジュール「クバント」など五つのモジュールのドッキングを経て完成。アメリカ合衆国のスペースシャトルとのドッキングも果たした。1986年3月以降 2000年6月まで,ほぼ恒常的に宇宙飛行士が滞在し,1994年1月~1995年3月にはロシアのワレリー・V.ポリャコフが 437日と 18時間にわたる宇宙滞在記録を樹立した。1990年代後半に入ると老朽化のため事故が多発,1999年8月廃棄を前提とした無人飛行に移行した。2000年4月『ソユーズ』がドッキングに成功し有人運航を再開したが,2000年11月,ロシア政府は太平洋上に落下させることを決定,2001年3月23日に実行された。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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