Ovulation - No

Japanese: 排卵 - はいらん
Ovulation - No

This refers to the release of an egg from the ovary. Ovulation occurs approximately two weeks after the first day of menstruation. It is said that in a lifetime, an egg is released once a month for about 35 years, totaling approximately 400 times. The primordial follicles in the ovaries develop into mature follicles (Grafian follicles), which gradually migrate to the surface of the ovaries, where an egg is released. This process of follicle development and maturation is mainly involved in the follicle's follicle-stimulating hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, followed by a large burst of luteinizing hormone, which is said to occur about 24 hours later. The released egg is quickly collected by the fimbria of the fallopian tube, where it combines with sperm in the ampulla of the fallopian tube, fertilization is achieved, and the egg becomes pregnant. After ovulation, a corpus luteum is formed in the ovary, which secretes progesterone. Therefore, the occurrence of ovulation can be determined by the presence of a high temperature phase on the basal body temperature curve, an increase in urinary pregnanediol and blood progesterone, and changes specific to the secretory phase revealed by endometrial tissue examination.

[Masao Arai]

Ovulation in Animals

This refers to the phenomenon in which mature eggs are released from the ovaries of animals, and is mainly used in relation to vertebrates. The ovaries contain follicles that contain eggs, which develop under the action of follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland, filling the lumen with fluid and becoming enlarged Graafian follicles. The eggs mature in the cumulus oophorus of the follicle, and when the follicle ruptures in response to stimulation by a large amount of luteinizing hormone secreted from the pituitary gland, they are released from the ovary along with the follicular fluid and cumulus cells and enter the oviduct. Mammalian ovaries contain many primordial egg cells, but most degenerate without being ovulated. The number of eggs that are ovulated is only one thousandth of the number of primordial egg cells. In developed follicles, various enzymes are activated when stimulated by luteinizing hormone, causing the granulosa cell layer to thin, and at the same time, the connective tissue that constitutes the outermost layer of the follicle to break down. This is thought to be caused by prostaglandins synthesized in the follicle. The thinned follicles burst as a result of the increase in follicular fluid, releasing an egg. However, ovulation in mammals does not necessarily occur automatically. Mice ovulate periodically every time they go into heat, but rabbits and weasels do not ovulate unless stimulated by mating. Rhesus monkeys, also primates, differ from humans in that they rarely ovulate in the summer, even when they menstruate.

In some invertebrates, eggs after ovulation are expelled from the body through the oviduct, while in other animals they are first released into the body cavity and then through the nephridia (in lugworms) or the mouth (in jellyfish).

[Takasugi Akira]

[Reference] | Eggs
Menstruation and changes in the body
©Shogakukan ">

Menstruation and changes in the body


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

卵巣から卵が放出されることをいう。排卵の時期は月経初日から数えておよそ2週間ころにあたる。一生涯には約35年間に毎月1回排卵し、400回ほど排卵するといわれる。卵巣の原始卵胞が発育して成熟卵胞(グラーフ卵胞)となり、しだいに卵巣の表面に移動し、卵胞から卵が放出される。卵胞のこの発育成熟過程には、下垂体前葉から分泌される卵胞刺激ホルモンがおもに関与し、引き続き黄体形成ホルモンが大量に衝撃的に放出されたのち、およそ24時間ほどで排卵がおこるといわれる。放出された卵は卵管采(さい)によって速やかに採取され、卵管膨大部で精子と合体して受精が成立し、妊卵となる。排卵後には卵巣に黄体が形成され、黄体ホルモンが分泌される。したがって、排卵の有無は、基礎体温曲線上高温相があること、尿中プレグナンジオールや血中プロゲステロンの増加、子宮内膜の組織検査によって分泌期に特有な変化が認められるので知ることができる。

[新井正夫]

動物における排卵

動物の卵巣から成熟した卵が放出される現象をいい、主として脊椎(せきつい)動物に関して用いられる。卵巣には卵を抱含する濾胞(ろほう)があるが、下垂体の濾胞刺激ホルモンの働きで濾胞が発達し、内腔(こう)に液がたまり膨大したグラーフ濾胞になる。卵は濾胞の載卵丘の中で成熟し、下垂体から分泌された多量の黄体形成ホルモンに刺激されて濾胞が破裂すると、濾胞液や載卵丘の細胞とともに卵巣から放出されて輸卵管に入る。哺乳(ほにゅう)類の卵巣には多数の原始卵細胞があるが、大部分は排卵されずに退化する。排卵される卵の数は原始卵細胞の数千分の1でしかない。発達した濾胞では、黄体形成ホルモンに刺激されると種々の酵素が活性化されるため顆粒(かりゅう)膜細胞層が薄くなり、同時に濾胞の最外層を構成する結合組織が分解する。これらは濾胞で合成されたプロスタグランジンによって引き起こされると考えられている。このように薄くなった濾胞は濾胞液の増大によって破裂し、卵を放出する。しかし、哺乳動物の排卵はかならずしも自動的におきるとは限らない。ネズミでは発情のたびに周期的に排卵するが、ウサギやイタチでは交尾の刺激がない限り排卵はおきない。同じ霊長類でもアカゲザルはヒトと違って夏期は月経があってもほとんど排卵しない。

 なお無脊椎動物では、排卵後の卵が輸卵管を通って体外に排出されるものや、いったん体腔に出されてから腎管(じんかん)(ゴカイ)や口(クラゲ)から放出されるものがある。

[高杉 暹]

[参照項目] |
月経と体内の変化
©Shogakukan">

月経と体内の変化


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