Kenji Mizoguchi

Japanese: 溝口健二 - みぞぐちけんじ
Kenji Mizoguchi

Film director. Born in Tokyo on May 16, 1898. Grew up in Asakusa, he trained in art and worked for a newspaper company before joining Nikkatsu film studios in Mukojima in 1920 (Taisho 9). At the time, Nikkatsu filmed plays known as Shinpa, with scenes, performances, and actors rooted in theater. In 1923, he was promoted to director with "Love Revives the Day," and participated in the creation of new genres such as modern dramas and detective stories, and from 1924 he distinguished himself with works featuring female protagonists. After the Great Kanto Earthquake, the studios were moved to Kansai, where he gained acclaim for his downtown stories such as "Paper Dolls: Whispers of Spring" (1926). After the Great Depression of 1929, she pursued new ideas by shooting the trendy film Tokai Symphony (1929) and the talkie Hometown (1930), but struggled to find a way to integrate the trends of the time, such as left-wing ideology and modernism, within herself. As Japan became increasingly militarized, she made emotional Meiji-era films such as Taki no Shiraito (1933). In 1934, she joined Daiichi Eiga, an independent production company established by film producer Nagata Masaichi (1906-1985), and made Naniwa Elegy (1936) and Sisters of Gion (1936). In these two films, she created a new image of a heroine who would not give in to adversity through thorough realism.

During the Second World War, from 1937 to 1945, he devoted himself to making biographical and historical films. After moving to Shochiku, he created his own world with the arts story "The Tale of the Chrysanthemums" (1939), but was unsuccessful with samurai stories such as "Genroku Chushingura" (1941-1942). After the war, under the guidance of GHQ (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers), he depicted the liberation of women who were subordinate to men, but his productions stagnated. In 1948, "Women of the Night" became a hit, followed by other literary works such as "Oyu-sama" (1951) and "Musashino Fujoshi" (1951), but these also stagnated. In 1952, he suddenly gained attention with his premodern female protagonists in "Saikaku Ichidai Onna" (1952), "Ugetsu Monogatari" (1953), "Sansho Dayu" (1954), and "Chikamatsu Monogatari" (1954). The first three films won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival. Mizoguchi's reputation abroad also increased. These works are masterpieces that make full use of low-key tones (dark painting tones) that make use of the black and white gradations of cameraman Miyagawa Kazuo (1908-1999), beautiful images filled with tranquility and melancholy, one-scene, one-shot techniques that tell one episode in one scene, acting direction based on the Stanislavski system, and three-dimensional sets based on realism. He attempted color film with Yang Guifei (1955), and his final work was Red Light District (1956), set in the Asakusa area where he spent his childhood. Mizoguchi's method was based on the tradition of Japanese cinema, which began as live-action theatrical performances, but he innovated it to establish his own unique realism. European cinema also started out in this way, so there is a historical background to the French director Godard's high praise of Mizoguchi. It was a magnificent achievement that was achieved after going through the historical trials of 20th century cinema. He died on August 24, 1956.

[Nobuo Chiba]

Documents List of Director's Works

The Day of Resurrection (1923)
Hometown (1923)
Dreams of Youth (1923)
Passion in the Streets (1923)
The Song of Defeat is Sad (1923)
813 (1923)
Blood and Spirits (1923)
Port of Fog (1923)
Night (1923)
In the Ruins (1923)
Song of the Pass (1923)
The Sad Idiot (1924)
Death at Dawn (1924)
A Modern Queen (1924)
Women are Strong (1924)
Dust Land (1924)
Turkey's Destination (1924)
Samidare Soushi (1924)
The Death of Constable Ito (1924)
No Money, No War (Uchenpuchan) (1924)
Woman of Pleasure (1924)
The Axe that Cuts Love (1924) [co-directed with Hosoyama Kiyomatsu]
Queen of the Equestrian Troupe (1924)
Ah, the special service ship Kanto (1925)
Leaving the School Window (1925)
The Earth Smiles, Part 1 (1925)
The White Lily Laments (1925)
Illuminated by the Red Sunset (1925)
Song of Hometown (1925)
Sketches on the Street [part of the "Collection of Short Films"] (1925)
Human (1925)
General Nogi and the Bear (1925)
Copper King (1926)
Paper Doll Spring Whispers (1926)
A New Theory of My Sin (1926)
The Mad Love of the Master (1926)
Boys of the Sea (1926)
Gold (1926)
The Emperor (1927)
The Compassionate Bird (1927)
The Life of a Man: Everything in Life is Gold (1928)
A Person's Life: The Hard Life of the World (1928)
The Life of a Man: Bear and Tiger Reunited (1928)
My Daughter is Lovely (1928)
Battle of Ulsan (1928)
Nihonbashi (1929)
The Morning Sun Shines (1929)
Tokyo March (1929)
Symphony of the City (1929)
Hometown (1930)
Chinese woman Okichi (1930)
And They Go (1931)
The God of Time (1932)
The Dawn of the Founding of Manchuria and Mongolia (1932)
Waterfall of Shiraito (1933)
Gion Festival (1933)
Kamikaze Ren (1934)
Love and Hate (1934)
Osen and the Cranes (1935)
Mariya no Oyuki (1935)
Poppy (1935)
Ojo Okichi (1935) [co-directed with Tatsunosuke Takashima]
Naniwa Elegy (1936)
Sisters of Gion (1936)
Aienkyo (1937)
Song of the Bivouac (1938)
Ah, Hometown (1938)
The Tale of the Chrysanthemums (1939)
Naniwa Woman (1940)
A man of his time (1941)
Genroku Chushingura: Part 1 (1941)
Genroku Chushingura: Part 2 (1942)
Danjuro III (1944)
Miyamoto Musashi (1944)
The famous sword Bijomaru (1945)
The Victory Song (1945)
The Triumph of Women (1946)
Five Women Surrounding Utamaro (1946)
Sumako's Love (1947)
Women of the Night (1948)
My Love Doesn't Burn (1949)
Picture of Mrs. Snow (1950)
Playful (1951)
Mrs. Musashino (1951)
The Life of Saikaku (1952)
Tales of Ugetsu (1953)
Gion Bayashi (1953)
Sansho the Baptist (1954)
The Woman in the Rumors (1954)
The Tale of Chikamatsu (1954)
Yang Guifei (1955)
The New Tale of the Heike (1955)
Red Light District (1956)

"Film Director Kenji Mizoguchi" edited by Inuhiko Shihota (1999, Shinyosha)""The Man and Art of Kenji Mizoguchi" by Yoshikata Yoda, expanded edition (Shakai Shisosha, Gendai Kyoyo Bunko)""The World of Kenji Mizoguchi" by Tadao Sato (Heibonsha Library)

[References] | Ugetsu Monogatari | Genroku Chushingura | Saikaku Ichidai Onna | Zankiku Monogatari | Stanislavsky System | Taki no Shiraito | Tanaka Kinuyo | The Tale of Chikamatsu | Naniwa Elegy | Japanese Film | Hayasaka Fumio | Yamada Isuzu | Yoda Yoshikata

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

映画監督。明治31年5月16日、東京に生まれる。浅草で育ち、美術修行や新聞社勤務を経て、1920年(大正9)、向島にあった日活撮影所に入社。当事日活は新派とよばれた芝居を、演劇に根ざした舞台や演技、俳優で撮影していた。1923年、『愛に甦(よみが)へる日』で監督に昇進すると、現代劇や探偵劇など新たなジャンルの創出に参画し、1924年から女性を主人公とした作品で頭角を現した。関東大震災後に撮影所が関西に移動すると、『紙人形春の囁(ささや)き』(1926)など下町もので評価を高めた。1929年(昭和4)の世界恐慌後、傾向映画の『都会交響楽』(1929)や、トーキーで『ふるさと』(1930)を撮るなど新しさを追及するが、左翼思想やモダニズムといった時代の潮流を自分のなかでどうまとめるかに悩み模索した。日本の軍国主義化が進むと、『滝の白糸』(1933)など情緒的な明治ものをつくり、1934年、映画プロデューサーの永田雅一(ながたまさいち)(1906―1985)が設立した独立プロダクション、第一映画に入って『浪華悲歌(なにわエレジー)』(1936)と『祇園(ぎおん)の姉妹(きょうだい)』(1936)を製作。この2作では、徹底したリアリズムによって逆境にくじけない新しいヒロイン像を創出した。

 第二次世界大戦中の1937年から1945年までは、伝記映画や歴史映画の製作に腐心。松竹に移って『残菊物語』(1939)という芸道もので独自の世界をみせたが、『元禄忠臣蔵』(1941~1942)のような武士ものでは不成功に終わった。敗戦後のGHQ(連合国最高司令部)指導下では、男に従属する女性の解放を描くが、作品は停滞した。1948年、『夜の女たち』がヒットし、これに続いて『お遊(ゆう)さま』(1951)、『武蔵野夫人』(1951)など文芸作品の映画化が続くが、これにも低迷。1952年になると、『西鶴一代女(さいかくいちだいおんな)』(1952)、『雨月物語(うげつものがたり)』(1953)、『山椒大夫(さんしょうだゆう)』(1954)、『近松物語』(1954)と、近代以前の女性を主人公とした作品で、にわかに脚光を浴び、前3作はベネチア国際映画祭銀獅子賞を連続受賞。溝口の海外での評価も一気に高まった。これらの作品は、宮川一夫(みやがわかずお)(1908―1999)カメラマンによる白黒のグラデーションを生かしたローキートーン(暗い画調)と静謐(せいひつ)で憂愁(ゆうしゅう)をたたえた映像美、一場面で一つの挿話を描くワンシーン・ワンショット(長回し)の手法、スタニスラフスキー・システムによる演技指導、リアリズムによる立体的なセットなどを駆使した傑作群である。『楊貴妃(ようきひ)』(1955)ではカラー映画に挑戦、少年時代を過ごした浅草辺りを舞台にした『赤線地帯』(1956)が遺作になる。溝口の方法は、演劇の実写としてスタートした日本映画の伝統を踏まえ、それを革新して独自のリアリズムを打ち立てた。ヨーロッパ映画もこうした出発をしたので、フランスのゴダール監督が溝口を絶賛するのには、歴史的な背景があるといえよう。20世紀の映画の歴史的試練を経て到達した見事な偉業である。昭和31年8月24日没。

[千葉伸夫]

資料 監督作品一覧

愛に甦る日(1923)
故郷(1923)
青春の夢路(1923)
情炎の巷(1923)
敗残の唄は悲し(1923)
813(1923)
血と霊(1923)
霧の港(1923)
夜(1923)
廃墟の中(1923)
峠の唄(1923)
哀しき白痴(1924)
暁の死(1924)
現代の女王(1924)
女性は強し(1924)
塵境(1924)
七面鳥の行衛(ゆくえ)(1924)
さみだれ草紙(1924)
伊藤巡査の死(1924)
無銭不戦(ウチェンプチャン)(1924)
歓楽の女(1924)
恋を断つ斧[細山喜代松との共同監督](1924)
曲馬団の女王(1924)
噫特務艦関東(1925)
学窓を出でて(1925)
大地は微笑む 第1篇(1925)
白百合は嘆く(1925)
赫い夕陽に照されて(1925)
ふるさとの歌(1925)
街上のスケッチ[『小品映画集』の1篇](1925)
人間(1925)
乃木大将と熊さん(1925)
銅貨王(1926)
紙人形春の囁き(1926)
新説己が罪(1926)
狂恋の女師匠(1926)
海国男児(1926)
金(1926)
皇恩(1927)
慈悲心鳥(1927)
人の一生 人間万事金の巻(1928)
人の一生 浮世はつらいねの巻(1928)
人の一生 クマとトラ再会の巻(1928)
娘可愛や(1928)
蔚山沖の海戦(1928)
日本橋(1929)
朝日は輝く(1929)
東京行進曲(1929)
都会交響楽(1929)
ふるさと(1930)
唐人お吉(1930)
しかも彼等は行く(1931)
時の氏神(1932)
満蒙建国の黎明(1932)
滝の白糸(1933)
祇園祭(1933)
神風連(1934)
愛憎峠(1934)
折鶴お千(1935)
マリヤのお雪(1935)
虞美人草(1935)
お嬢お吉[高島達之助との共同監督](1935)
浪華悲歌(1936)
祇園の姉妹(1936)
愛怨峡(1937)
露営の歌(1938)
あゝ故郷(1938)
残菊物語(1939)
浪花女(1940)
芸道一代男(1941)
元禄忠臣蔵 前篇(1941)
元禄忠臣蔵 後篇(1942)
団十郎三代(1944)
宮本武蔵(1944)
名刀美女丸(1945)
必勝歌(1945)
女性の勝利(1946)
歌麿をめぐる五人の女(1946)
女優須磨子の恋(1947)
夜の女たち(1948)
我が恋は燃えぬ(1949)
雪夫人絵図(1950)
お遊さま(1951)
武蔵野夫人(1951)
西鶴一代女(1952)
雨月物語(1953)
祇園囃子(1953)
山椒大夫(1954)
噂の女(1954)
近松物語(1954)
楊貴妃(1955)
新・平家物語(1955)
赤線地帯(1956)

『四方田犬彦編『映画監督溝口健二』(1999・新曜社)』『依田義賢著『溝口健二の人と芸術』増補版(社会思想社・現代教養文庫)』『佐藤忠男著『溝口健二の世界』(平凡社ライブラリー)』

[参照項目] | 雨月物語 | 元禄忠臣蔵 | 西鶴一代女 | 残菊物語 | スタニスラフスキー・システム | 滝の白糸 | 田中絹代 | 近松物語 | 浪華悲歌 | 日本映画 | 早坂文雄 | 山田五十鈴 | 依田義賢

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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