Lien - Right of retention (English spelling) Zurückbehaltungsrecht

Japanese: 留置権 - りゅうちけん（英語表記）Zurückbehaltungsrecht

If a person in possession of another person's property has a claim related to that property, the right to retain that property until the claim is paid in full is given. It is a type of statutory security right under the Japanese Civil Code (→Secured Property Right), and like a preferential right, it is recognized by law even without a special agreement between the parties (Article 295). It is similar to the right to simultaneous performance (Civil Code 533) that arises as a result of a bilateral contract in that it allows the person to refuse delivery of the property until the other party performs the obligation, but a retention right is a security right recognized only for the security of an obligation, and since it is a real right, it is effective against third parties and in fact allows the person to receive payment with certainty. However, unlike other secured rights, it does not have the right to receive priority payment (the right to auction the secured property and receive payment preferentially from the proceeds in the event of the other party's default). However, the former Auction Law included a lien holder among the holders of the right to auction, and the majority view interprets that as a result of not having priority payment, if other creditors participate in the dividend, the person will only receive payment in equal proportions. In addition, a retention right under the Civil Code will lose its effect on the bankruptcy estate. In addition, the general term for liens provided for in the Commercial Code and the Companies Act is commercial liens. In the event of bankruptcy, these commercial liens are recognized as separate rights of execution (Bankruptcy Act, Article 66, Paragraph 1 and Article 2, Paragraph 9; Civil Rehabilitation Act, Article 53, Paragraph 1), and in the event of corporate reorganization, they become reorganization security rights (Corporate Reorganization Act, Article 2, Paragraph 10).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

他人の物の占有者がその物に関して生じた債権を有する場合，その完済を受けるまではその物を留置することができる権利。日本民法上の法定担保物権（→担保物権）の一種で，先取特権と同じく，当事者間の特約がなくても法律上当然に認められる（295条）。相手方の履行まで物の引き渡しを拒絶できる点で，双務契約の結果として生じる同時履行の抗弁権（民法533）と類似するが，留置権は債権担保のためにのみ認められる担保権であり，物権であるから，第三者に対しても効力があり，事実上は確実に弁済を受けることができる。ただし，ほかの担保物権のように優先弁済を受ける権利（相手方不履行のときは，担保物を競売して代金から優先的に弁済を受ける権利）はない。もっとも，かつての競売法は競売権者のなかに留置権者を加えており，多数説は，優先弁済を有しない結果として，ほかの債権者の配当加入があれば，平等の割合で弁済を受けるにすぎないと解している。なお，民法上の留置権は破産財団に対し効力を失う。また，商法および会社法上に規定された留置権の総称を商事留置権という。これらの商事留置権は，破産などの場合には別除権が認められ（破産法66条1項，2条9項，民事再生法53条1項），会社更生の場合には更生担保権となる（会社更生法2条10項）。

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