Hojo clan

Japanese: 北条氏 - ほうじょううじ

(1) A branch of the Kanmu Heishi clan. They had the greatest power among the vassals of the Kamakura Shogunate. They are said to be descendants of Taira no Sadamori's son, Yoshimasa. Their main territory was Hojo, Tagata County, Izu Province. At the end of the 11th century, Tokimasa assisted in the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate by following his daughter Masako's husband, Minamoto no Yoritomo, and became one of Yoritomo's senior vassals. After Yoritomo's death, the Hojo clan gained power within the Shogunate because both the second Shogun, Yoriie, and the third Shogun, Sanetomo, were born to Masako. Tokimasa defeated the opposing Hiki clan (the family of Yoriie's wife), became head of the Mandokoro, and called himself regent. His son, Yoshitoki, defeated Samurai-dokoro betto Wada Yoshimori and held both positions, and thereafter both positions were monopolized by the Hojo clan. After Sanetomo's violent death, Yoshitoki welcomed the infant of a member of the Sekkanke family from Kyoto to head the Shogunate, and he himself became the de facto leader in Shogunate politics. When Emperor Gotoba issued an order to pursue Yoshitoki in 1221 (→ Jokyu War), Yoshitoki overcame the crisis for himself and the shogunate with the cooperation of many of his vassals, and instead used it as an opportunity for the shogunate to overwhelm the Imperial Court. Yoshitoki's son Yasutoki enacted the Goseibai Shikimoku, a collection of laws, in 1232, and further improved the shogunate's administration. Yasutoki's grandson Tokiyori overthrew the Miura clan. During the reign of Tokiyori's son Tokimune, Mongol troops attacked Kyushu twice (→ Mongol Invasions), but the vassals fought hard and drove them away. However, during the reign of Tokimune's grandson Takatoki, many of his vassals responded to Emperor Go-Daigo's plan to overthrow the shogunate, and in 1333, the Hojo clan was attacked in various places and was destroyed (→ Genko War). (2) A clan that wielded power in Izu and the Kanto region from its base at Odawara Castle in Sagami Province toward the end of the Sengoku period. Its ancestor was Ise Shinkuro Nagauji (→ Hojo Soun). They are called the Later Hojo (Gohojo) clan to distinguish them from the Hojo clan, who were the regents of the Kamakura shogunate. The Nagauji destroyed the Horikoshi Imperial Palace and based themselves in Nirayama, Izu, calling themselves the Hojo clan. They then captured Odawara Castle and made it their base. They further destroyed the Miura clan and wielded power in the Kanto region, but in 1590, Ujimasa and Ujinao, father and son, surrendered to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The following year, Ujinao was pardoned by Hideyoshi and given 10,000 koku of rice. The descendants of Ujimasa's younger brother Ujinao were granted 10,000 koku of rice in Sayama, Kawachi, and became viscounts in the Meiji period. (→ Sayama Domain)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

(1) 桓武平氏の一支族。鎌倉幕府御家人中で最大の勢力を有した。平貞盛の子維将の子孫と伝えられる。伊豆国田方郡北条を本領とした。 11世紀末に時政が娘政子の夫源頼朝に従って鎌倉幕府創設に助力し，頼朝の重臣の一人となった。頼朝の死後は，2代頼家，3代実朝の両将軍が政子の所生であった関係から，幕府内部で北条氏の権勢が高まった。時政は対抗勢力の比企氏 (頼家夫人の生家) を倒し，政所別当となり，執権と称した。その子義時は侍所別当和田義盛を倒して政所，侍所両別当職を兼務し，以後，両職は北条氏が独占した。実朝横死ののち義時は京都から摂関家の幼児を幕府の首長に迎えて，みずから実質的に幕府政治の第一人者となった。承久3 (1221) 年に後鳥羽上皇が義時追討の命令を発したとき (→承久の乱 ) ，義時は多数の御家人の協力を得て自身と幕府の危機を乗越え，かえって幕府が朝廷を圧倒する機縁とした。義時の子泰時は貞永1 (32) 年に法令集『御成敗式目』を制定し，幕政の整備を進めた。泰時の孫時頼は三浦氏を倒した。時頼の子時宗のとき2度にわたり蒙古軍が九州に来襲したが (→元寇 ) 御家人の奮闘によりこれを退却させた。しかし時宗の孫高時のとき，後醍醐天皇の幕府打倒計画に多数の御家人が応じたため，元弘3 (1333) 年各地で攻撃を受け，北条氏は滅亡した (→元弘の乱 ) 。 (2) 戦国時代末期に相模国の小田原城を本拠に伊豆，関東諸国に勢威をふるった一族。伊勢新九郎長氏 (→北条早雲 ) を祖とする。鎌倉幕府執権の北条氏と区別して後北条 (ごほうじょう) 氏という。長氏が堀越御所を滅ぼして伊豆韮山に拠って北条氏と称し，次いで小田原城を攻め落し，そこを本拠とした。さらに三浦氏を滅ぼして関東に威をふるったが，天正 18 (1590) 年氏政，氏直父子が豊臣秀吉に降伏した。翌年氏直は秀吉に許され1万石を与えられた。また氏政の弟氏規の子孫は河内狭山に1万石で封じられ，明治になって子爵。 (→狭山藩 )

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