A tool used to slice specimens such as animal and plant organs, tissues, and embryos. Animal and plant bodies are made up of many cells, so to understand how the body is made up, it is necessary to examine the morphology, arrangement, and state of the intercellular substance of the cells. For this purpose, in histology, various specimens are sliced to the thickness of about one cell (a few micrometers) and examined under an optical microscope. There are various types of microtomes, but all of them consist of three parts: a sharp blade (and the part that holds it), a part that drives the blade toward the specimen or the specimen toward the blade, and a part that sends the specimen to a certain specified thickness. In order to send the specimen to a minute thickness of a few micrometers, a combination of inclined surfaces and screws is used ingeniously. In particular, a type that pushes the specimen down against a fixed vertical blade to cut it, and then uses the force to lift the specimen up again to slightly rotate and advance a precision screw with a very small pitch that is directly connected to the specimen stage to send the specimen forward is often used. Ultramicrotomes are used to obtain the thin sections (less than one-tenth of a micrometer) needed for observation under an electron microscope. [Shigeo Takeuchi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動植物の器官や組織、胚(はい)などの標本を薄切するのに用いられる器械。動植物の体は多数の細胞から成り立っているので、体の成り立っているようすを知るためには、細胞の形態、配列の仕方、細胞間物質の様態などを調べる必要がある。このために組織学では、各種の標本をおよそ細胞一層分の厚さ(数マイクロメートル)に薄切し光学顕微鏡で調べる。いろいろな形式のミクロトームがあるが、いずれも三つの部分から成り立っている。鋭い刃(およびこれを保持する部分)、この刃を標本に向かって、あるいは刃に向かって標本を駆動する部分、標本をある定められた厚さに送り出す部分である。数マイクロメートルという微細な厚さを送り出すためには、斜面やねじが巧妙に組み合わされて使われる。とくに、垂直に固定された刃に向かって標本を押し下げて切り、ふたたび標本を持ち上げるための力を利用して、標本台に直結しているピッチのごく小さな精密なねじをわずかに回転前進させ標本を送り出す方式のものが使われることが多い。電子顕微鏡による観察に必要な薄さ(10分の1マイクロメートル以下)の切片を得るのには超ミクロトームが使われる。 [竹内重夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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