This is a calculation method devised by W. Heitler and F. London in 1927 to explain the bond energy of hydrogen molecules. It is assumed that the two electrons in a hydrogen molecule exchange their positions with each other. When the spins of the two electrons are in the opposite directions, the energy is lower than that of an isolated atom, and the bond energy of a hydrogen molecule is obtained. In other words, the reason why two hydrogen atoms are more stable when chemically bonded to form a single hydrogen molecule than when they exist as atoms is mainly due to the stabilization energy (exchange energy) that arises when the two electrons near the nucleus exchange their positions with each other. This theory is not limited to hydrogen molecules and is widely applied to other covalent bonds. This was the first theory to treat chemical bonds quantum mechanically, and is often used along with the molecular orbital theory to explain the bond forces of various molecules. This theory is the basis for the exchange interaction in magnetic materials. (→ Valence bond theory ) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
水素分子の結合エネルギーを説明するために,1927年 W.ハイトラーと F.ロンドンが考案した計算法。水素分子中の2個の電子は,互いにその位置を交換すると考える。このために2つの電子のスピンが逆向きのときは,孤立原子に比べてエネルギーが低くなり,水素分子の結合エネルギーが得られる。すなわち2個の水素原子が原子として存在するよりも化学結合して1個の水素分子として存在するほうが安定な理由は,主として原子核付近の2個の電子が互いに位置を交換することによって生じる安定化エネルギー (交換エネルギー) によるとしている。この理論は水素分子に限らず他の共有結合にも広く適用される。これは化学結合を量子力学的に取扱った最初の理論で,いろいろな分子の結合力に対して分子軌道法とともによく用いられる。磁性体における交換相互作用は,この理論が基礎になっている。 (→原子価結合法 )
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