The principle of correspondence between the macrocosm and the microcosm (macrocosm in Latin, or macrocosmus in English) is the search for a correspondence between the macrocosm and the human body, which is compared to the macrocosm as it is commonly understood. The principle has influenced medicine, as it is believed that the order of the macrocosm (cosmos) creates harmony within the human body, and is said to have originated in the Hippocratic school of ancient Greece. As a broader mystical idea, it appears in the Hermetic texts as a form of sympathy between the universe and man, and was accepted and spread by the early Christian Fathers in late antiquity. In Christianity, Adam, created in the image of God, is a microcosm, but is said to embody the macrocosm in his body. From ancient Greece, it was introduced into Arabic science and the Jewish mystical thought of Kabbalah, and then from the Arab world to medieval Europe through Ibn Sina's translation. It eventually became most popular in Western Europe from the Renaissance to the early 17th century, and was discussed among Neo-Pythagorean and Neo-Platonist mystics. In the West during the Renaissance, specific applications of astrology and alchemy were seen. Furthermore, astrological medicine (iatromathematica), based on the principle of macrocosmic and microcosmic correspondence, was often taught at medical schools in universities. The zodiac signs were associated with the organs of the body, and the relationship between the organs and the observations of celestial bodies was discussed, and prescriptions for illnesses were made. At that time, the cause of the influenza epidemic was completely unknown, and it was thought to be only due to the influence of celestial bodies, so the word influenza, which means celestial influence, became the origin of the disease name. Paracelsus was consistent in his cosmic analogy of the human body, which was consistent throughout his alchemical and medical thought. His follower Robert Fludd's book, Summa Medica (1629), made the following correspondences: heat-motion-light-expansion-rarefaction cold-inertia-darkness-contraction-condensation sun-father-heart-right eye-blood essential for life moon-mother-womb-left eye-mucus. Just as in the West it was believed that the twelve signs of the zodiac corresponded to the twelve organs of the body, in China, although the origins are different, it was believed that the heavenly planets (the five stars) corresponded to the five earthly elements and the five internal organs (pu), and that the influence of heaven was manifested in the body. Newton also stated that the law of universal gravitation is an action at a distance operating between heaven and earth, but this was criticized as being similar to the idea of the macrocosm and microcosm, and that to say that occult forces operate when there is nothing between heaven and earth is tantamount to accepting astrology and the occult. The idea of analogizing the tidal phenomenon with breathing, which exists in both the East and the West, can also be considered a correspondence between the macrocosm and the microcosm. However, remote control between the heavens and humans has become difficult for modern science to accept, and as a result, the effects of weather and the environment on the human body have been ignored. [Shigeru Nakayama] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般にいわれる宇宙を大宇宙(マクロコスモス、ラテン語でmacrocosmus、英語でmacrocosm/macrocosmos)とし、それに対して人間の身体を小宇宙(ミクロコスモス)に見立てて、大宇宙との対応を求めることを、大宇宙・小宇宙(マクロコスモス・ミクロコスモス)対応の原理という。大宇宙の秩序(コスモス)は人間の身体内にも調和をつくるとして、医学に影響を与えたが、その源は古代ギリシアのヒポクラテス学派に発するともいわれる。 より広範な神秘思想としては、ヘルメス文書に宇宙と人との共感の形となって現れ、後期古代における初期キリスト教教父たちに受け入れられて広がった。キリスト教のなかでも、神のイメージとしてつくられたアダムは小宇宙であるが、その身体の中に大宇宙を体現するとされた。 古代ギリシアからアラビア科学やユダヤ教の神秘思想カバラの中にも入り、さらにイブン・シーナーの翻訳を通じてアラブ世界から中世ヨーロッパに伝えられ、やがてルネサンス期から17世紀初期の西欧でもっとも盛んとなり、新ピタゴラス派、新プラトン派の神秘思想家の間で論じられた。 ルネサンス期の西洋にあっては、占星術と錬金術にその具体的応用がみられた。そして占星医術(イアトロマテマティカ)は大宇宙・小宇宙対応を原理として、大学の医学部でしばしば講じられた。黄道十二宮と身体の臓器とが関連づけられ、天体の観測によって、それと結び付けられる器官との関係が論じられ、病気の処方が行われた。当時としては、流行性感冒は病因がまったくわからず、天体の影響としか考えられなかったので、天の影響を意味するインフルエンザという語が病名の語源となった。 人体の宇宙アナロジー(類推)という点では、パラケルススは首尾一貫していて、彼の錬金術的、医学的思想を貫いている。彼の追随者ロバート・フラッドの著書『医学大全』(1629)では 西洋では黄道十二宮と身体の12の器官が対応すると考えられていたように、起源は違うが、中国でも天上の惑星(五星)が地上の五行、それに五臓六腑(ぷ)に対応づけられて、天の影響が身体に現れると考えられた。 また、ニュートンは万有引力の法則が天と地の間に働く遠隔作用であるとしたが、これは大宇宙・小宇宙対応に類する考えであるとし、天と地の間に何も存在しないのにオカルト的な力が働くというのは、占星術・オカルトを認めることになる、と批判された。 洋の東西を通じて潮汐現象(ちょうせきげんしょう)を呼吸とのアナロジーでとらえる考え方があるのも、大宇宙・小宇宙対応と考えることができる。しかし、天と人との間の遠隔操作は近代科学では受け入れにくいものになり、そのために気象とか環境の人体への影響を捨象することになった。 [中山 茂] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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