It refers to life forms with intelligence similar to that of humans that are assumed to exist on celestial bodies other than Earth. Their existence has not yet been scientifically proven, but they often appear in science fiction and other works. There are two trends in the idea of aliens. One is the absurd image of aliens that is connected to telepathy, psychic phenomena, and unidentified flying object commotion. The origin of this is the 18th century thinker E. Swedenborg. In his later years, he claimed to have spiritual contact with and visits from aliens living on other planets in the solar system, and his followers established a church that still exists today. The other idea is based on a comprehensive summary of modern astrophysics and theories of the origin and evolution of life, and is convinced that intelligent life exists on other planets as a result of the emergence and evolution of life. Since life cannot arise on the surface of a star with high-temperature plasma or in the extremely low temperatures of outer space, it is thought that if aliens exist, they would be on the surface of a planet, and many astronomers believe that they do exist. As a way to prove their existence, interaction and communication between aliens and humans on Earth has been taken up. The remarkable development of radio astronomy has made it possible for humans with current technological capabilities to communicate with the far reaches of space, and this has led academics to take up the idea of the existence of and communication with extraterrestrials as a serious research topic. These attempts are still being made in various places today. The history of research into extraterrestrials can be said to have been widely accepted around the time of the invention of the telescope, but then, with the development of astronomy, denial became widespread, and it was revived again after World War II. Aliens are especially fascinating. Thanks to the progress of astronomy, the celestial bodies in the universe and their conditions have been elucidated, but that alone is not enough to arouse the general public's intellectual interest in the universe. However, if there are intelligent beings (aliens) similar to humans, it would have a great impact on the general public. For example, take the example of the transition from the geocentric theory to the heliocentric theory. The heliocentric theory, which had already been converted in the academic world, only became popular among the general public in 1686 when the French physicist Fontenelle placed aliens on each planet outside the Earth in his " Entretiens sur la Pluralité des Mondes " (Dialogues on the Plurality of the Worlds), convincing many readers of an interesting and new view of the universe. The appearance and shape of aliens are of great interest, but the environmental conditions on alien planets where life could exist would be similar to those on Earth, and therefore the appearance and shape of aliens is not thought to be fundamentally very different from that of humans. [Hiromitsu Yokoo] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地球以外の他の天体に存在すると想定した、人類と同じような知能をもった生命体をいう。その存在は科学的にはまだ実証されていないが、SFなどには盛んに登場する。 宇宙人の発想には二つの流れがある。その一つは、テレパシーや心霊現象や未確認飛行物体騒動とつながる荒唐無稽(むけい)な宇宙人のイメージである。この源流としては18世紀の思想家E・スウェーデンボリがあげられる。彼は晩年に、太陽系内の他の惑星に住む宇宙人との心霊的交流、飛来を主張し、その信者は教会をつくり、今日なお存続している。もう一つの発想は、現代の天体物理学と生命起源・進化論とを総括して基礎に置き、異星の惑星上にも生命発生と生命進化の結果としての知能生物の存在を確信するものである。生命は高温プラズマの恒星表面や、極低温の宇宙空間では発生しえないから、宇宙人が存在するとすれば惑星表面であろうと考えられ、多数の天文学者はその存在を信じている。そしてその存在を実証する方法として、宇宙人と地球人との交流・交信が取り上げられた。電波天文学の目覚ましい発達は、現在の地球人の技術水準でも宇宙のはるかかなたまでの交信を可能にし、このことが宇宙人の存在とそれとの交信を学界でも真剣な研究テーマとして取り上げさせることになった。この試みは現在も各地で実行されている。宇宙人の研究の歴史は、望遠鏡発明のころには広く受け入れられ、その後、天文学の発達により否定論が盛んになり、第二次世界大戦後ふたたび復活したといえる。 宇宙人は特別に魅力のある存在である。天文学の進歩により、宇宙にある諸天体とその状況は解明されてきたが、それだけでは一般大衆の宇宙に対する知的関心を喚起するには十分とはいえない。しかしそこに人類と似た知能生物(宇宙人)がいるとなれば、一般大衆に与える衝撃は大きい。たとえば天動説から地動説への転換という事例をとってみると、学界ではすでにその転換が終わっていた地動説が一般大衆に浸透したのは、1686年にフランスのフォントネルが『世界の多数性に関する対話』Entretiens sur la Pluralité des Mondesにおいて、地球外の各惑星に宇宙人を配置して多くの読者に興味深く新しい宇宙像を説得してからのことである。 宇宙人の姿や形は非常に興味のあるところであるが、生命の存在しうる異星の惑星の環境条件は地球に似ているはずであり、したがって宇宙人の姿や形も本質的には人類と大きく異なっているとは思われない。 [横尾広光] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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