Marxist jurisprudence

Japanese: マルクス主義法学 - まるくすしゅぎほうがく
Marxist jurisprudence

A field of study that seeks to elucidate law and the state from the standpoint of Marxism (scientific socialism, historical materialism). According to this, the state is a seemingly supra-class, but fundamentally a violent mechanism controlled by the ruling class, which exists on top of a society torn by irreconcilable class antagonisms, and law is an ideological superstructure for the interests of the ruling class. Thus, while law exerts a regulating effect ("reaction") on social relations, it is ultimately objectively restricted by its economic foundation. Broadly speaking, there are two views of law: (1) those that view law as a relationship of mutual recognition (relationship of rights and obligations) of private interests (rights) between free and independent equal parties, such as in the exchange of goods (such as Pashukanis in the Soviet Union in the 1920s), and (2) those that view law as a legal norm, a class will that is expressed as a public will through the state and forcibly guaranteed (the prevailing view in the Soviet Union since the 1930s). (1) focuses on the form in which law appears, while (2) focuses on the content or essence of law. [1] believes that law emerges, matures, declines, and disappears along with the exchange of goods, and therefore considers capitalist law (bourgeois law) to be the most mature form of law, and socialist law to be a transitional law on the verge of extinction (dying bourgeois law), while [2] believes that there are unique legal systems (slaveowner law, feudal law, bourgeois law, socialist law, etc.) that correspond to each stage of class society. In either case, law is a historical entity, and in a higher communist society, it is foreseen that it will "die out" along with the state.

[Nawada Yoshihiko]

"Studies on the History of Soviet Legal Theory 1917-1938" by Fujita Isamu (1968, Iwanami Shoten)""General Theory of Law and Economics" by Fujita Isamu (1974, Nippon Hyoronsha)""Lessons on Marxist Jurisprudence, edited by Amano Kazuo, Kataoka Noboru, Hasegawa Masayasu, Fujita Isamu, and Watanabe Yozo, 8 volumes (1976-80, Nippon Hyoronsha)""Theory of Property Law" (included in "Collected Works of Kawashima Takeyoshi, Volume 7", 1981, Iwanami Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マルクス主義(科学的社会主義、史的唯物論)の立場から法と国家を解明しようとする学問。それによれば、国家は、非和解的な階級対立に分裂した社会のうえにたつ、外見上超階級的な、しかし基本的に支配階級によって掌握される暴力機構であり、法は支配階級の利益のためのイデオロギー的上部構造である。したがって法は、社会関係に規制作用(「反作用」)を及ぼしながらも、究極的には経済的土台によって客観的に制約される。大別して、法を、〔1〕商品交換におけるような、自由で独立な対等当事者間の私的利益(権利)の相互承認関係(権利義務関係)とみるもの(1920年代ソ連のパシュカーニスなど)と、〔2〕国家を通じて公的意思として表現され強制的に保障される階級意思たる法規範とみるもの(1930年代以降のソ連の通説)とがある。〔1〕は法が現象する際の姿(形態)に、〔2〕は法の内容ないし本質に着眼している。〔1〕は法が商品交換とともに発生・成熟・衰退・消滅すると考えるので、資本主義法(ブルジョア法)をもっとも成熟した法と考え、社会主義の法を死滅に向かう過渡期の法(死滅しつつあるブルジョア法)ととらえることになるが、〔2〕は階級社会の各段階に応じて固有の法体系(奴隷所有者法、封建法、ブルジョア法、社会主義法など)が存在すると考える。いずれの場合も、法は歴史的な存在であり、高次の共産主義社会においては、国家とともに「死滅」するものと展望される。

[名和田是彦]

『藤田勇著『ソビエト法理論史研究 1917―1938』(1968・岩波書店)』『藤田勇著『法と経済の一般理論』(1974・日本評論社)』『天野和夫・片岡曻・長谷川正安・藤田勇・渡辺洋三編『マルクス主義法学講座』全8巻(1976~80・日本評論社)』『『所有権法の理論』(『川島武宜著作集 第7巻』所収・1981・岩波書店)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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