Utenhoju - Crow-point jewel

Japanese: 烏点宝珠 - うてんほうじゅ
Utenhoju - Crow-point jewel

...Therefore, it is unclear when they began to be made, but the oldest surviving writing paper for oaths is the Nigatsudo Gyokuhoin and Nachitakihoin from 1266 (Bun'ei 3) found in the Todaiji documents, both of which are woodblock prints. Incidentally, the Gyokuhoin of Nachi and Kumano is known to be Utenhoju, which uses crows to represent the dots and strokes of characters, but such Gyokuhoin dates from after the Warring States period, and this first example is written in normal calligraphy. There is a popular theory that the name Gyoku came from a stroke of Ubusuna (living earth), but it is probably a reference to the ancient miracle drug Gyoou (said to grow in the gallbladder and liver of cows). ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Karasutenhoju" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…したがっていつごろから作られるようになったのかははっきりしないが,起請文の料紙として現存最古のものは,東大寺文書にみえる1266年(文永3)の二月堂牛玉宝印と那智滝宝印とで,ともに木版刷りである。ちなみに那智・熊野の牛玉宝印は,烏点宝珠(うてんほうじゆ)といって烏で字の点・画を記すものが知られているが,こうした牛玉宝印は戦国時代以降のもので,この初見の例も普通の書体で書かれている。 なお,牛玉の名の由来には,生土(うぶすな)の一画が移り牛王となったなどという俗説もあるが,おそらく古来からの霊薬である牛黄(牛の胆囊,肝臓に生じるという)にちなんだものであろう。…

※「烏点宝珠」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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