Muller, Hermann Joseph

Japanese: マラー（英語表記）Muller， Hermann Joseph

Born: December 21, 1890, New York
[Died] April 5, 1967. Indianapolis. American geneticist who established radiation genetics. Studied at Columbia University, studying under E. Wilson. In 1912, he joined the Drosophila research group led by T. Morgan and began his research in genetics. In 1916, he obtained his doctorate for his research on gene crossover. He then worked as a member of the Rice Institute and a lecturer at Columbia University, before becoming a professor at the University of Texas (1920-1932). In 1927, he succeeded in artificially inducing mutations by X-ray irradiation, a feat that had a decisive impact on the subsequent development of genetics and breeding. In 1931, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He moved to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (1932) to treat his neurasthenia, and pioneered research into the biophysics of genes. In 1933, he went to the Soviet Union through the help of N. Vavilov and became a member of the Institute of Genetics. However, as the rise of T. Lysenko's group dominated the Soviet genetics world, he went to England in 1937 and had a great influence on the development of genetics in England as a member of the Animal Genetics Laboratory in Edinburgh. He returned to the USSR in 1940 and worked at the University of Amherst, before becoming a professor at Indiana University in 1945. In 1946, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on induced mutations. From this time on, he became more vocal in society, and his proposal to establish a sperm bank for the evolution of mankind caused a stir. His discussion of human evolution is summarized in What genetic course will man steer? (67). He was also one of the first to point out and warn of the danger of radiation-induced mutations when the development of nuclear weapons had just begun.

Marat
Marat, Jean-Paul

Born: May 24, 1743, Boudry, Neuchâtel
Died July 13, 1793. One of the leaders of the French Revolution. He studied medicine in Bordeaux, Paris, and London, and was highly acclaimed as a physician. After returning to France, he served as physician to the Count of Artois (later King Charles X) from 1777 to 1783. During this period, he published several scientific and philosophical treatises, and his research on optics in particular drew attention. When the revolution broke out in 1789, he became a political journalist and founded the newspaper Ami du Peuple (Friend of the People), which fiercely attacked the counter-revolutionaries. He was a member of the Cordeliers Club and spoke for the sans-culottes. He played a major role in the suspension of the monarchy on August 10, 1792, and the subsequent September Massacres, and became a member of the National Assembly elected in Paris. In January 1793, he voted for the death penalty of King Louis XVI, and supported the establishment of the Revolutionary Tribunal and the Committee of Public Safety. From this time on, he began to have disagreements with the Girondists, and his harsh criticisms in the Journal de la République Française (renamed Friend of the People on September 21, 1792) made him the target of attacks by the Girondists in the National Convention. The National Convention passed a warrant for Marat's arrest (April 6, 1793), but he was acquitted by the Revolutionary Tribunal, dealing a serious blow to the Girondists, and Marat now came to dominate the National Convention. From then on, he mercilessly suppressed the Girondists, and organized the uprising of June 2, 1793, which marked the collapse of the Girondists, but he was assassinated on July 13 while taking a bath by C. Corday, who supported the Girondists.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1890.12.21. ニューヨーク
[没]1967.4.5. インディアナポリス
放射線遺伝学を確立したアメリカの遺伝学者。コロンビア大学に学び，E.ウィルソンに師事。 1912年 T.モーガンの率いるショウジョウバエ研究グループに加わって遺伝学の研究を開始。 16年に遺伝子の交差に関する研究で学位取得。その後，ライス研究所所員，コロンビア大学講師を経て，テキサス大学教授 (1920～32) 。 27年にはX線照射によって人為的に突然変異を起させることに成功。これは遺伝学，育種学のその後の歩みに決定的な影響を及ぼすものであった。 31年，アメリカ科学アカデミー会員に選ばれる。神経衰弱の治療も兼ねてカイザー・ウィルヘルム研究所に移り (32) ，遺伝子の生物物理学研究に先鞭をつける。 33年 N.バビロフのはからいでソ連に行き，遺伝学研究所の所員となるが，T.ルイセンコ一派の台頭によってソ連の遺伝学界が制圧されるに及び，37年イギリスに渡り，エディンバラの動物遺伝学研究所所員としてイギリスの遺伝学の発達に大きな影響を与えた。 40年帰国，アムヘルスト大学を経て，45年よりインディアナ大学教授。 46年，突然変異を誘起した研究によって，ノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞。この頃より盛んに社会的発言を行い，人類の進化のために精子銀行の設立を提案して反響を呼んだ。人類の進化に関する彼の議論は『人類の遺伝子の将来』 What genetic course will man steer? (67) にまとめられている。彼はまた，核兵器の開発が始ったばかりの頃，放射線による突然変異の危険性をいちはやく指摘し，警告を発した。

マラー
Marat， Jean-Paul

[生]1743.5.24. ヌーシャテル，ブードゥリ
[没]1793.7.13. パリ
フランス革命の指導者の一人。ボルドー，パリ，ロンドンで医学を研究し，医師としての名声をうたわれ，帰国後の 1777～83年アルトア伯 (のちの国王シャルル 10世) の護衛付きの医師となった。この期間中，科学，哲学に関する論文数編を発表，特に光学に関する研究は注目を集めた。 89年革命が勃発すると，政治記者となり『人民の友』 Ami du Peuple紙を創刊，反革命派を激しく攻撃した。コルドリエ・クラブに所属してサン＝キュロットの代弁の役をつとめ，92年8月 10日の王権停止，続く九月虐殺事件に最大の役割を果し，パリ選出の国民公会議員となった。 93年1月国王ルイ 16世の死刑に賛成票を投じ，革命裁判所と公安委員会の設立に賛同。この頃よりジロンド派と意見が対立し，『フランス共和国新聞』 Journal de la République Française (1792年9月 21日に『人民の友』を改称) 紙上で辛辣な批判を加えたため，国民公会におけるジロンド派の攻撃の的となった。国民公会はマラーの逮捕令状を採択 (93.4.6) したが，革命裁判所で無罪となり，ジロンド派は重大な打撃を受け，いまや国民公会はマラーが支配するところとなった。以後ジロンド派を容赦なく弾圧，ジロンド派の崩壊を告げる 93年6月2日の蜂起を組織したが，7月 13日入浴中にジロンド派を支持する C.コルデに暗殺された。

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