This refers to the amount of capital per employed worker, and is also called the capital-intensive ratio of labor or simply the capital-intensive ratio. The aggregate neoclassical production function has the property that the higher the capital intensity, the higher the labor productivity (output per worker), but the rate of increase gradually decreases (the law of diminishing returns on factors). Using this production function, growth models were actively constructed, especially from the late 1950s to the 1960s, and the stability of the system was demonstrated. This was further extended to a two-sector model, and the so-called capital intensity condition was sought and attracted attention. This condition states that if the economy is divided into two sectors, the consumption goods sector and the investment goods sector, the stability of the system is guaranteed if the capital intensity of the former is greater than that of the latter. The properties of this neoclassical production function have been widely accepted as being appropriate both practically and logically, but the "retransformation of technology theory" developed from the late 1960s to the early 1970s revealed that there is no unique relationship between capital intensity and labor productivity as described above. Incidentally, the concept of capital intensity is sometimes used as a criterion when discussing the type of technological progress. That is, if the marginal productivity of capital and labor increases at the same rate while keeping capital intensity constant, it is called neutral technological progress in the sense of J.R. Hicks, and if the rate of increase in the marginal productivity of the former is relatively high, it is called labor-saving technological progress, and if the rate of increase in the marginal productivity of the latter is high, it is called capital-saving technological progress. [Yuichiro Otsuka] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
雇用労働者1人当りの資本額のことであって、労働の資本装備率、あるいは単に資本装備率ともよばれる。 集計的新古典派生産関数は、資本集約度が高くなればなるほど労働の生産性(労働者1人当りの産出高)は高くなるが、しかしその増加の仕方はしだいに減少していくという属性をもっている(いわゆる要素に関する収穫逓減(ていげん)の法則)。このような生産関数を武器にして、とくに1950年代後半から1960年代にかけて成長モデルが盛んに構築され、体系の安定性の論証などが行われた。それはさらに二部門モデルに拡張されて、いわゆる資本集約度条件なるものが求められ注目された。これは、経済を消費財部門と投資財部門の2部門に分割した場合、前者の資本集約度が後者のそれよりも大きければ体系の安定性が保証されるというものである。この新古典派生産関数のもつ属性は現実的にも論理的にも適切なものとして広く人々の承認を受けてきたが、1960年代後半より1970年代初頭にかけて展開された「技術の再転換論」により、資本集約度と労働生産性との間には上述のような一意的関係の存在しないことが明らかにされた。 ところで、資本集約度概念は、技術進歩の型を論ずるときの基準として用いられることがある。すなわち、資本集約度を不変に保ったままで、資本と労働の限界生産性がそれぞれ同じ比率で上昇すれば、それをJ・R・ヒックスの意味での中立的技術進歩とよび、もしも前者の限界生産性の上昇率が相対的に高ければ労働節約的技術進歩、後者のそれが高ければ資本節約的技術進歩とよぶ。 [大塚勇一郎] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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