Gustav Mahler

Japanese: マーラー - まーらー(英語表記)Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler

Austrian composer and conductor. He was born on July 7th, the second of 14 children, to a Jewish family who ran a brewery in the small village of Kaliszt in Bohemia, which was under the rule of the Austrian Empire at the time. The family moved to the town of Iglau (now Jihlava, Czech Republic) in the same year as Gustav. Gustav began to show musical talent at around the age of four, and began his musical training in this town, which was heavily influenced by German culture. He studied piano with Franz Sturm and others, and also became familiar with folk songs and military band music. In 1869, he entered the gymnasium in Iglau, and the following year (at the age of 10), he gave his first piano recital, and went to Prague to continue his musical studies. In 1875, he entered the Vienna Conservatory, where he studied piano with Julius Epstein and harmony with Robert Fuchs, and also attended Bruckner's harmony lectures at the University of Vienna. In 1978, he graduated from the Vienna Conservatory with first prize for his piano trio. He then tried his hand at composing while working as a private piano tutor. In 1980 (at the age of 20), he completed his first major work, "Lamentations" for soloist, chorus and orchestra. He entered the Beethoven Competition, but was rejected as it was not recognized by Brahms or Richter.

From 1880 to 1883, Mahler began his career as a conductor, serving at the regional opera houses of Bad Hall, Laibach (now Ljubljana, Slovenia), and Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). He also worked at opera houses in Kassel (1883-85), Prague (1885-86), Leipzig (1886-88), and Budapest (1888-91), where he gained a reputation as a conductor specializing in Wagner and Mozart repertoire. During this time, he composed his First Symphony (premiered in 1889). In 1891, he became the principal conductor of the Hamburg City Opera, where he performed Wagner's works with ideal singers, and also conducted many symphonies for the Hamburg Orchestra, whose performances were praised by Hans von Bülow. From this period onwards, his activities as a composer also began in earnest, and since the summer of 1893 he had been working on his Symphony No. 2 "Resurrection" (premiered in 1895) and No. 3 (premiered in 1902) in a composing cottage on the shores of Lake Attersee in Steinbach. In 1897 he went to Vienna to become the chief conductor of the Vienna Court Opera and the Vienna Philharmonic, where he performed operas, mainly works by Wagner and Mozart, with innovative direction and stage sets, solidifying his position as a great conductor.

In 1902, he met the young, unknown composer Alma Schindler (1879-1964), and married her the following year. With her help, Mahler's creative drive was inflamed, and he built a composing hut in Mayernig on the shores of Lake Wörth, where he completed a succession of major works, including Symphony No. 6 "Tragic" (premiered in 1906), Symphony No. 7 "Night Song" (premiered in 1908), and Symphony No. 8 "Symphony of a Thousand" (premiered in 1910). In 1907, Mahler was attacked by anti-Semitic forces, and with his beloved eldest daughter Maria Anna dying young from diphtheria, he decided to leave the Vienna Court Opera, and moved to New York in December of the same year.

From then until the end of his life, Mahler performed as a conductor at the Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic. At the same time, he returned to Europe every year from spring to summer during the off-season, and wrote his masterpieces of his later years, such as the six-movement symphony with solo voice "Das Lied von der Erde" (premiered after Mahler's death in 1911 under the baton of Bruno Walter), Symphony No. 9 (premiered in 1912), and Symphony No. 10 (unfinished, premiered in 1924), at his mountain villa in Toblach near the Italian border. Having traveled back and forth between the two continents five times, Mahler's health deteriorated, and on February 21, 1911, after a concert with the New York Philharmonic, he returned to Vienna via Paris to recuperate from streptococcal throat catarrh, but he died on May 18 of the same year, before his 51st birthday.

Mahler's ten symphonies were based on the tradition of Viennese classical music, but at the same time he reexamined that tradition from a new angle, pioneering a new musical world and paving the way for the Second Viennese School of composers such as Schoenberg.

[Funayama Nobuko]

"Gustav Mahler: Reminiscences and Letters" by Alma Mahler, translated by Sakata Kenichi (1973, Hakusuisha)""Gustav Mahler: His Life and Works" by M. Kennedy, translated by Nakagawa Osamu (1978, Geijutsu Gendaisha)""Gustav Mahler" by E. Krchenek and H.F. Ratelich, translated by Wada Dan (1981, Misuzu Shobo)""Mahler" by M. Vignal, translated by Ebisawa Satoshi (1985, Hakusuisha)""Mahler the Stranger" by H.A. Lee, translated by Watanabe Yutaka (1987, Ongaku No Tomosha)" ▽ "Gustav Mahler: The Path to Contemporary Music" by Shibata Minao (Iwanami Shinsho)""Mahler" by Funayama Takashi (Shincho Bunko)"

[Reference] | Song of the Earth

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オーストリアの作曲家、指揮者。当時オーストリア帝国に統治されていたボヘミアの寒村カリシュトの、酒造業を営むユダヤ人の家庭に7月7日、14人中の第2子として生まれる。一家はグスタフ出生の年にイーグラウ(現チェコのイフラバ)の町に移り住む。4歳ごろから音楽の才能を示し始めたグスタフは、このドイツ文化の影響の強い町で音楽修業を始め、フランツ・シュトルムらにピアノを学ぶとともに、民謡や軍楽隊の音楽にも親しんだ。1869年イーグラウのギムナジウムに入学、翌年(10歳)最初のピアノ・リサイタルを開き、プラハに赴き音楽の学習を続けた。75年ウィーン音楽院に入学、ピアノをユリウス・エプシュタイン、和声学をロベルト・フックスに学び、さらにウィーン大学でブルックナーの和声学の講義を聴講した。78年、ピアノ三重奏曲で1等賞を獲得してウィーン音楽院を卒業、以後ピアノの家庭教師などをしながら作曲を試み、80年(20歳)最初の大作、独唱・合唱と管弦楽のための『嘆きの歌』を完成、ベートーベン・コンクールに応募したが、ブラームスやリヒターに認められず落選した。

 1880年から83年にかけて、マーラーは指揮者としての活動を始め、バート・ハル、ライバッハ(現スロベニアのリュブリャナ)、オルミュッツ(現チェコのオロモウツ)の地方歌劇場で指揮者を務めた。さらに、カッセル(1883~85)、プラハ(1885~86)、ライプツィヒ(1886~88)、ブダペスト(1888~91)などの歌劇場で活躍、ワーグナーとモーツァルトを得意のレパートリーとする指揮者として名声をあげていく。この間に交響曲第1番(1889初演)を作曲。91年ハンブルク市立歌劇場の首席指揮者に就任、理想的な歌手たちとワーグナーの作品を上演するとともに、ハンブルク管弦楽団のステージにおいても数々の交響曲を手がけ、その演奏はハンス・フォン・ビューローに賞賛された。この時期から作曲家としての活動も本格化し、93年の夏以来、シュタインバッハのアッター湖畔の作曲小屋で、交響曲第2番「復活」(1895初演)、同第3番(1902初演)が生まれた。97年にはウィーンに出て、ウィーン宮廷歌劇場、ウィーン・フィルハーモニーの各首席指揮者となり、ワーグナーとモーツァルトの作品を中心に、斬新(ざんしん)な演出と舞台装置によってオペラ上演にあたり、大指揮者の地位を不動のものにした。

 1902年、若い無名の作曲家アルマ・シントラー(1879―1964)と出会い、翌年結婚。彼女の助力を得て創作意欲が燃え上がったマーラーは、ベルター湖畔のマイヤーニッヒに作曲小屋をつくり、交響曲第6番「悲劇的」(1906初演)、同第7番「夜の歌」(1908初演)、同第8番「千人の交響曲」(1910初演)の大作を次々に完成した。07年、反ユダヤ主義の勢力に攻撃されたマーラーは、愛する長女マリア・アンナがジフテリアで夭折(ようせつ)したこともあって、ウィーン宮廷歌劇場を去る決意を固め、同年12月ニューヨークに渡った。

 それ以後最晩年に至るまで、マーラーはメトロポリタン歌劇場およびニューヨーク・フィルハーモニーの指揮者として演奏活動を行った。そのかたわら、シーズン・オフの春から夏にかけては毎年ヨーロッパに戻り、イタリア国境に近いトブラッハの山荘で、晩年の傑作、6楽章の独唱付き交響曲「大地の歌」(マーラー死後の1911年、ブルーノ・ワルター指揮で初演)、交響曲第9番(1912初演)、同第10番(未完成、1924初演)が生まれた。こうして5回にわたり二大陸を往復したマーラーは体調を崩し、1911年2月21日、ニューヨーク・フィルのコンサート後に倒れ、連鎖状球菌性の咽喉(いんこう)カタルの療養をするため、パリ経由でウィーンに戻ったが、同年5月18日、51歳の誕生日を待たずに世を去った。

 マーラーの10曲に及ぶ交響曲は、ウィーン古典派の伝統に基づくとともに、その伝統を新しい角度から見直して斬新な音楽的世界を開拓し、シェーンベルクらの新ウィーン楽派への道を切り開いた。

[船山信子]

『アルマ・マーラー著、酒田健一訳『グスタフ・マーラー――回想と手紙』(1973・白水社)』『M・ケネディ著、中河原理訳『グスタフ・マーラー――その生涯と作品』(1978・芸術現代社)』『E・クルシェネク、H・F・レートリヒ著、和田旦訳『グスタフ・マーラー』(1981・みすず書房)』『M・ヴィニャル著、海老沢敏訳『マーラー』(1985・白水社)』『H・A・リー著、渡辺裕訳『異邦人マーラー』(1987・音楽之友社)』『柴田南雄著『グスタフ・マーラー――現代音楽への道』(岩波新書)』『船山隆著『マーラー』(新潮文庫)』

[参照項目] | 大地の歌

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Malaita [island] - Malaita

>>:  Muller, Hermann Joseph

Recommend

Stable fly (stinging fly) - Stable fly

A general term for insects belonging to the Dipter...

Multi-headed stone axe - Tatsusekifu

A type of polished stone axe used for club heads ...

Kaigane

…The mountain's name comes from its location ...

grievance system

… In this situation, the basic awareness of probl...

Paraplecoptera

…They are closely related to Orthoptera (crickets...

Baltic

…Official name = Republic of LatviaLatvijas Repub...

Gondolier

…Also called barcarolle. Refers to songs sung by ...

Ivanov, Vsevolod Vyacheslavovich

Born: February 24, 1895, Semipalatinsk [Died] Augu...

Hypothesis Experiment Lesson - Hypothesis Experiment Lesson

A class organized around a series of steps: predic...

Hammer Film Productions

A British film company that has become synonymous ...

Wakasahiko Shrine

Located in Ryuzen, Obama City, Fukui Prefecture. ...

Kisoji

In ancient times it was written as Kisoji, Kisoji,...

Katsura Tsutsumi

A hairstyle custom for women in the late Middle A...

Zenjohoubatsu - Zenjohoubatsu

A Confucian term referring to the form of successi...

Awataguchi School - Awataguchi School

A school of swordsmiths who made swords in the Awa...