Silvervine - Catnip

Japanese: マタタビ - またたび
Silvervine - Catnip

A deciduous vine of the family Actinidiaceae (APG classification: Actinidiaceae). The stems are filled with white pith. The leaves are alternate, broadly ovate or elliptical, 4-15 cm long, and circular at the base. The leaves at the end of young vines turn white and stand out. The plant is dioecious, but also produces bisexual flowers, which grow in the axillae in early summer and are about 2 cm across. There are 1-3 male flowers in a cyme, with many stamens and one degenerated pistil. The female flowers are solitary, with a central pistil with a style that is split into many parts, and short degenerated stamens around it. The fruit is an oblong berry about 3 cm long, with a beak-like pointed tip, and ripens yellow in August-September. There are many seeds. It grows on low mountains throughout Japan, and is distributed in the Kuril Islands, Karafuto (Sakhalin), and the Korean Peninsula. Its name comes from the Ainu word matatambu. The fruit is pickled and eaten with sake, and young shoots are also edible.

There are about 60 species of the Actinidia genus distributed throughout the subtropics and temperate zones of East Asia. The well-known kiwi fruit is also a member of this genus.

[Akiko Sugiyama April 16, 2021]

Medicinal

A type of gall midge, the Actinidia acetata, parasitizes the fruit and creates galls. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is called mokurenryo and is used as a traditional Chinese medicine and folk remedy to warm the body and treat stomach and back pain. It can also be boiled or powdered and taken internally, or used to make a medicinal liquor (called actinidia acetata wine). The entire plant contains ingredients such as actinidin and lactone, and is used as a medicine for cats.

[Motoo Nagasawa April 16, 2021]

Cultural history

The Jomon people also ate the fruit, as seeds have been excavated from the early period of the Torihama Shell Mound in Fukui Prefecture and the middle period of the Kamegaoka Ruins in Aomori Prefecture. It appears in the Honzou Wamyo (918) under the name Watatahi and in the Engishiki (927) under the name Watatabi. Kaibara Ekiken wrote in Saifu (1704) that both the leaves and the fruit were edible, and that enthusiasts would remove the leaves and put the flowers in a vase. Kadanchikinsho (Kadanchikinsho) states that it was replanted in February and August (lunar calendar) and propagated by cuttings in March and April, which shows that it was cultivated at that time. The Koeki Jinkinsho (1719) states that "the flower is white like a plum blossom and is a rare treat to be admired," but also warns that cats love it and that if it is not kept tightly enclosed, they will gather around and eat everything, causing the tree to wither. The ingredient that attracts cats, matatabi lactone, is a monoterpene lactone and is a mixture of iridomyrmecin, dihydronepetalactone, and other ingredients. Actinidine, another monoterpene alkaloid, also has a paralyzing effect on cats. Matatabiol, a monoterpene alcohol, attracts male lacewings, an insect.

It has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times in China, and the "Tang Hon Mao" recommends cutting the stems into small pieces, brewing it, and drinking it to treat blood clots, abdominal lumps caused by blood, mucus, bile, etc., cold fatigue (colds accompanied by coughing and sweating), and cold deficiency (abnormal chilliness).

[Hiroshi Yuasa April 16, 2021]

[References] | Kiwi fruit
actinidia polygama
The fruit is an oblong berry with a beak-like pointed tip, about 3 cm long. It ripens to yellow in August and September. Young fruits are preserved in salt or used to make fruit wine. ©Shogakukan Photo by Okuyama Hisashi ">

actinidia polygama

Actinidia japonica fruit
©Shogakukan ">

Actinidia japonica fruit


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マタタビ科(APG分類:マタタビ科)の落葉藤本(とうほん)(つる植物)。茎には白い髄が詰まる。葉は互生し、広卵形または楕円(だえん)形で長さ4~15センチメートル、基部は円形。若いつるの先の葉は白色となり、目だつ。雌雄異株であるが両性花もあり、初夏、径約2センチメートルの白色花を腋生(えきせい)する。雄花は1~3個が集散花序をなし、多数の雄しべと退化した1本の雌しべがある。雌花は単生し、中央に花柱が多数に裂けた雌しべがあり、周りには短く退化した雄しべがある。果実は長楕円形の液果で長さ約3センチメートル、先はくちばし状にとがり、8~9月に黄色に熟す。種子は多数。日本全土の低山に生え、千島、樺太(からふと)(サハリン)、および朝鮮半島に分布する。名はアイヌ語のマタタムブに由来する。果実は塩漬けで酒肴(しゅこう)に、若芽も食用とする。

 マタタビ属は東アジアの亜熱帯から温帯に約60種分布する。よく知られるキウイフルーツも本属の植物である。

[杉山明子 2021年4月16日]

薬用

果実にタマバエの1種マタタビミタマバエが寄生して虫こぶをつくる。漢方ではこれを木天蓼(もくてんりょう)と称し、漢方薬および民間薬とし、体を温め、腹痛や腰痛に用いる。また、煎(せん)じたり、粉末にして内服したり、薬酒(天蓼酒と称する)をつくって服用する。植物体全体にはマタタビラクトン、アクチニジンなどの成分を含み、ネコの薬として貴用される。

[長沢元夫 2021年4月16日]

文化史

果実は縄文人も食用したようで、福井県鳥浜貝塚の前期、青森県亀ヶ岡(かめがおか)遺跡の中期の地層から種子が出土している。『本草和名(ほんぞうわみょう)』(918)に和多々比(わたたひ)、『延喜式(えんぎしき)』(927)に和太太備(わたたび)の名で出ている。貝原益軒は『菜譜(さいふ)』(1704)で、葉も実も食べられ、好事(こうず)の者が葉を取り去り、花を花瓶に挿すと述べている。『花壇地錦抄(かだんちきんしょう)』には2、8月(旧暦)植え替え、3、4月に挿木で殖やすと書かれ、当時栽培されていたことがわかる。『広益(こうえき)地錦抄』(1719)では「花形梅花に似て白し、珍賞すべし」の記述とともに、ネコが好むので、厳しく囲わないと、集まって食い切り、木を枯らすと、注意を促している。ネコをひきつける成分のマタタビラクトンはモノテルペン系のラクトンで、イリドミルメシン、ジヒドロネペタラクトンなどの混合物である。同じくモノテルペン系のアルカロイドのアクチニジンもネコに麻痺(まひ)効果がある。モノテルペン系のアルコールであるマタタビオールは昆虫のクサカゲロウの雄を誘引する。

 中国では古くから薬用とし、『唐本草』は、癥結(ちょうけつ)(血塊)、積聚(しゃくじゅ)(血液、粘液、胆汁などによる腹のしこり)、風労(咳(せき)と汗を伴う感冒)、虚冷(きょれい)(正常でない冷え)に、茎を細かく切って醸して飲む用法をあげている。

[湯浅浩史 2021年4月16日]

[参照項目] | キウイフルーツ
マタタビ
果実は長楕円形の液果で、先はくちばし状にとがり、長さ約3cm。8~9月に黄色に熟す。若い果実は塩漬けや果実酒とされる©Shogakukan 撮影/おくやまひさし">

マタタビ

マタタビの果実
©Shogakukan">

マタタビの果実


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