Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello, Marquês de

Japanese: ポンバル（英語表記）Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello, Marquês de

Born: May 13, 1699 in Lisbon
Died May 8, 1782. Pombal Portuguese politician. Marquis. Member of the Royal Historical Society in 1733. After serving as ambassador in London from 1738 to 1743 and in Vienna from 1745 to 1749, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs when King José I ascended to the throne in 1750. He gained the King's trust by taking prompt and appropriate measures during the Lisbon earthquake, and became Prime Minister in 1756. In 1769, he became Marquess of Pombal. The focus of his policies was the establishment of enlightened despotism and the reform of the Portuguese economy, which had been subordinate to Britain since the Treaty of Mesuen. He promoted the capitalist development of industry by encouraging the improvement of wine quality and sericulture, promoting new and old industries, and establishing chartered companies. He also granted monopolies to wine companies and prohibited the commercial activities of the Jesuits, which contributed to the interests of Britain. In 1759, he executed many nobles on suspicion of plotting to assassinate the king, expelled the stateless Jesuits from the country, and placed the church under direct control of the king from 1759 to 1764. This dissolution of the Society of Jesus marked the beginning of further forced dissolutions of the Society of Jesus in France in 1764, Spain in 1767, and by the Pope in 1773. He also devoted himself to agricultural and educational reforms. After the death of José I, he was deposed by Maria I in 1777.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1699.5.13. リスボン
[没]1782.5.8. ポンバル
ポルトガルの政治家。侯爵。1733年王立歴史学会会員。1738～43年ロンドン，1745～49年ウィーンに大使として駐在後，1750年ジョゼ1世の即位とともに外務大臣になった。リスボン地震に際して機敏適切な処置をとり王の信頼を深め，1756年首相に就任。1769年ポンバル侯。政策の重点は啓蒙専制主義の確立と，メスエン条約締結後，対イギリス従属状態にあったポルトガル経済の改革であった。ぶどう酒の品質改良や養蚕を奨励し，新旧工業を振興して特許会社を設立するなど，産業の資本主義的発展をはかった。また，ぶどう酒会社に専売権を与え，イギリスの利益に寄与するイエズス会の商業活動を封じた。1759年王の暗殺を計画した嫌疑で多くの貴族を処刑し，無国籍的なイエズス会を国外に追放，1759～64年教会を王の直轄とした。このイエズス会の解散は，1764年のフランス，1767年のスペイン，1773年の教皇にいたる，イエズス会強制解散の先鞭をつけた。このほか農業や教育の改革にも力を注いだ。ジョゼ1世没後，1777年マリア1世により失脚させられた。

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