In literary works, rewriting the plot and content of the original into a different work is called adaptation in English. While some stories originate from India or China, such as "The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter" and "The Tale of Genji," the first Western adaptation was Homer's "Ulysses" in the Muromachi period, titled "Yuriwaka Daijin" (author unknown). After the Meiji period, it became popular to adapt Western works into a Japanese style. Society, events, and people are Japanized, but simply changing proper nouns to Japanese does not constitute an adaptation. A work that retains the image of the original but has a different aspect and a life of its own is already beyond the realm of adaptation, but a work that merely transfers the plot and structure of the original is plagiarism. An adaptation is a work that falls somewhere in between. In the case of an adaptation, the spirit or main parts of the original are often missing or changed. In the early Meiji period, there were many adaptations of political novels, and Ozaki Koyo was a writer who left behind particularly excellent adaptations. Koyo's "Summer Sleeves" (1892) is an adaptation of Molière's "The Miser," but in the process of Japanization, the comedy of the original was diluted, and the humor of the dialogue was emphasized, giving it a strong Edo-style farce feel. The characterization of the characters and the satirical and critical spirit of the original are not taken up, making it a work that reminds one of Koyo's own creation. The same is true of "The Woman Next Door" (1893), which omits the dark side that is typical of naturalistic novels in Zola's original novel "Because of a Night's Love," and instead depicts the everyday customs of the common people in Koyo's style. Some authors did not hide the fact that their work was an adaptation. One of them, Ochi Fukuchi, clearly stated in his book Aware Ukiyo that it was an adaptation of Hugo's Les Miserables. There are many adaptations in popular literature, and it is well known that Kidō Okamoto's Hanshichi Torimonochō was inspired by Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes. There are also many adaptations in pure literature. [Tomita Hitoshi] "History of Translation in the Meiji and Taisho Periods" by Yoshitake Yoshitaka (1959, Kenkyusha Publishing) "Comparative Literature: Purpose and Significance" edited by Nakajima Kenzo, Ota Saburo, and Fukuda Rikutaro (1971, Shimizu Kobundo) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
文学作品で、原作の筋(すじ)、内容を別の作品に書き改めることで、英語のadaptationのこと。『竹取物語』や『源氏物語』などにインド・中国に由来する物語もあるが、西洋からはホメロスの『ユリシーズ』が『百合若(ゆりわか)大臣』(作者不詳)として初めて室町時代に翻案されたという。明治以後、とくに西洋の作品を日本風に改作することが盛んになった。社会、事件、人物などを日本化するが、固有名詞を日本語に改めるだけでは翻案でない。原作のおもかげをとどめながらも、異相を呈し、別の作品としての生命力をもつ作品の場合すでに翻案の域を越えているが、原作の筋と仕組みをそのまま移し変えたにすぎないような作品は剽窃(ひょうせつ)である。翻案とはその中間に位置する作品である。翻案の場合、ときには原作の精神や主要な部分が欠落したり変容したりすることも少なくない。 明治初期には政治小説の類に翻案が多かったが、尾崎紅葉(こうよう)はとくに優れた翻案作品を残した作家である。紅葉の『夏小袖(こそで)』(1892)はモリエールの『守銭奴』の翻案であるが、日本化の過程で原作の喜劇性は薄れ、会話の滑稽(こっけい)味が強調されて江戸風の茶番狂言の趣(おもむき)が濃くなっている。原作の人物の性格描写や風刺・批判精神が取り上げられず、紅葉その人の創作を思わせる作品となっているのである。これは『隣の女』(1893)でも同様で、原拠のゾラの小説『一夜の恋ゆえに』の自然主義小説特有の暗黒面は省かれて、紅葉一流の市井の日常生活的な風俗描写になっている。作者のなかには翻案であることを隠さない者もいた。その一人、福地桜痴(おうち)は『あはれ浮世』で、これがユゴーの『レ・ミゼラブル』の翻案であることを明記した。大衆文学では翻案作品はきわめて多く、岡本綺堂(おかもときどう)の『半七捕物帳』はコナン・ドイルの『シャーロック・ホームズ』に着想を得ていることは有名である。純文学でも翻案は少なくない。 [富田 仁] 『吉武好孝著『明治・大正の翻訳史』(1959・研究社出版)』▽『中島健蔵・太田三郎・福田陸太郎編『比較文学――目的と意義』(1971・清水弘文堂)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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