A Greek philosopher and mystic who represents the end of ancient Europe. Born near Alexandria, he studied under Ammonius Saccas and, at the age of 39, joined the Eastern expedition of Emperor Gordianus III (reigned 238-241) in search of Eastern wisdom, but the expedition failed and he went to Rome at the age of 40, opened a school, and gathered many friends and disciples, earning him great respect. He was devoted to Plato and considered his philosophy to be the origin of Platonic philosophy. For this reason, he and his disciples were called Platonists by those of his time and Neoplatonists by those of later generations. However, he was also greatly influenced by Aristotle and the Stoics, and became a comprehensive system of ancient Greek philosophy. In response to the monistic and religious trends of the time, his philosophy was also a philosophy of salvation that aimed for the liberation of the soul. The work is called the Enneads (meaning "Collection of Nine Pieces") because it consists of six volumes of treatises divided into nine pieces each. According to him, the "One" (To Hen) is the source of all existing things. The One produces existing things outside of itself through the overflow of its being, through its existence. This is called "overflow or outflow aporrhoē, emanatio" (theory of emanation). In this case, the One itself is not impaired in any way. This intuition, which grasps the activity of being as the creative activity that produces things other than itself, is one of the most beautiful intuitions reached by Greek philosophy. The common understanding known as "pantheism" does not hit the nail on the head. Lower existing things produced by the One produce other existing things below it through the activity of the same being. Thus the world was understood as a hierarchical order of beings, which exist as the splendor of the One, and gradually decrease in existence until they disappear into nothingness (non-being, matter), just as light emanates from its source and gradually weakens until it disappears into darkness. It is a world of others and many which the One produces by its very identity. Reason, soul and living beings are the main stages. Philosophy (philosophy) is the process by which humans, beings with souls, return to the One, the source of all existence. The One is the basis of unity that exists as long as things exist, but the One itself does not contain any multiplicity, and therefore cannot be grasped by words or reason, which are the principles of discrimination. It transcends discrimination by words and is "fused into the One" as "ekstasis." It has had a great influence on medieval mysticism and systematic theology. [Nobuaki Kato January 20, 2015] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヨーロッパ古代末期を代表するギリシアの哲学者、神秘思想家。アレクサンドリアの近くに生まれ、アンモニオス・サッカスに学び、東方の知恵を求めて、39歳のときゴルディアヌス帝Gordianus Ⅲ(在位238~241)の東方遠征に加わるが、遠征の挫折(ざせつ)により果たさず、40歳でローマに上り、学校を開き、多くの友人、門弟を集め、尊崇を受けた。プラトンに傾倒し、自分の哲学をプラトン哲学の祖述とみなした。そこで、彼とその弟子たちは、当時の人からはプラトン主義者、後世の人からは新プラトン主義者とよばれる。しかし、そこにはアリストテレス、ストア派などの影響も大きく、古代ギリシア哲学の一大総合体系となっている。また、時代の一元論的、宗教的な傾向に応じ、魂の解脱を目ざす救済の哲学でもある。著作は、9篇(へん)ずつに分けられた6巻の論稿からなるところから『エンネアデス』(「九篇集」の意味)とよばれる。 彼によれば、「一者」(ト・ヘン)がいっさいの存在事物の源泉である。一者はその存在の充溢(じゅういつ)により、それが存在することによって、そのもの以外の存在事物をそのものの外に生み出す。これが「溢出または流出aporrhoē, emanatio」とよばれる(流出説)。この際、一者そのものはなんら損なわれることはない。存在の働きを自己以外のものを生み出す創造の働きとして把握するこの直観は、ギリシア哲学の達したもっとも美しい直観の一つである。「汎神論(はんしんろん)」といわれる通俗の理解はけっしてその正鵠(せいこく)を射るものではない。一者から生み出された下位の存在事物は、同じ存在の働きにより、その下に他の存在事物を生む。こうして、世界は、光がその源から発してしだいに光度を弱め、ついに闇(やみ)のうちに消え入るように、一者の光輝として存在し、しだいに存在の度を低めてついに無(非存在、質料)に至る多様な存在者の位階秩序として把握された。それは、一者がその同一性そのものによって生み出す他と多の世界である。理性、魂、生物はそのおもな段階である。 哲学(愛知)とは、魂をもつ存在事物である人間が、源泉である一者へと、他と多の世界から離れて還(かえ)る過程である。一者とは、存在事物が存在する限りでもつ統一性の根拠であるが、一者そのものはいかなる多をも含まず、したがって、分別の原理であることばや理性によっては把握されず、ことばによる分別を超え、「脱我ekstasis」として「融一henosis」されるとした。中世の神秘思想と体系神学への影響が大きい。 [加藤信朗 2015年1月20日] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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