One of the Romance languages. It is the official language of Portugal, Brazil, and Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Cape Verde in Africa. Historically speaking, Galician-Portuguese (galego-português) was born in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, i.e., the Galicia region of Spain and northern Portugal, by the mid-9th century, based on Vulgar Latin. As the Reconquista progressed, it moved south and absorbed the languages of central and southern Portugal - which of course are based on Vulgar Latin, but their actual nature is largely unknown - and became the common Portuguese language around the 12th or 13th century, which is the language that exists today. With the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, the Galicia region and northern Portugal were politically separated, and the Galician-Portuguese language that existed until then was divided into Galician and Portuguese after the mid-14th century. During the Galician-Portuguese era, this language held great authority as a literary language in most of the Iberian Peninsula, especially as a language for verse. The "Hymn to the Virgin Mary" by Alfonso X the Wise of the Kingdom of Castile was also written in this language. After the second half of the 14th century, Galician receded to the status of a language in the small Galicia region of Spain, where it has continued to play the role of everyday language for a small number of people to this day. Recently, there has been an active "revival movement" for this language. Portuguese, on the other hand, has remained an important language among the Romance languages to this day, with a rich literary background, but during the Age of Discovery, it also "migrated" to Africa and Brazil, where it established itself in each of those places. Portuguese, in general, is not very different from other Romance languages. However, phonologically, it is the same as French, having nasal vowels in addition to oral vowels, but one of its characteristics is that it also has double nasal vowels that do not exist in French. Grammatically, a major characteristic is the "quasi-infinitive," which is not found in other Romance languages. This is a linguistic phenomenon of interest, combining infinitive and final character. The differences between the Portuguese spoken in Portugal and Brazil are mainly phonological, but this is due to the considerable phonological changes that occurred in Portugal during the 19th century. Therefore, it is likely that the Portuguese who came to Japan in the 16th century spoke a language similar to the Portuguese spoken in Brazil today. [Ikegami Tomoo] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロマンス諸語の一つ。ポルトガル、ブラジルのほか、アフリカのアンゴラ、モザンビーク、ギニア・ビサウ、サントメ・プリンシペ、カーボベルデの公用語。歴史的にいえば、イベリア半島の北西部、つまり現在のスペインのガリシア地方とポルトガル北部において、俗ラテン語を母として9世紀中葉までには誕生していたと考えられるガリシア語―ポルトガル語(galego-português)が、「国土回復運動」の進展に伴って南下し、ポルトガル中央部・南部のことば――いうまでもなく俗ラテン語を母とすることばであるが、その実体はほとんど不明――を吸収しながら、12、3世紀ごろ共通ポルトガル語として成立して現代に至ったことばである。ポルトガル王国の成立に伴い、ガリシア地方とポルトガル北部が政治的に分離したこともあって、14世紀中葉以降、それまでのガリシア語―ポルトガル語はガリシア語とポルトガル語に分かれた。ガリシア語―ポルトガル語の時代にあっては、この言語はイベリア半島の大半における文学言語、とくに韻文のための言語として大きな権威をもっていた。カスティーリャ王国のアルフォンソ10世賢王による「聖母マリア讃歌(さんか)」もこの言語で書かれている。14世紀後半以降、ガリシア語はスペイン国内の狭いガリシア地方の言語の地位に後退し、少数の人々の日常言語の役割を果たしながら現在に至っている。最近この言語の「再興運動」が積極的に進められている。ポルトガル語のほうは豊かな文学作品を背景としてロマンス諸語のなかの重要な一言語として現在に至っているのであるが、大航海時代にはアフリカ、ブラジルへも「移住」して、それぞれの地に定着した。 ポルトガル語は、全般的にみれば、他のロマンス諸語と大きく異なるところはない。だが音韻面ではフランス語と等しく、口母音のほかに鼻母音を有するが、それだけでなくフランス語に存在しない二重鼻母音を有する点が一つの特徴である。文法面では他のロマンス諸語にみられない「準不定詞」が大きな特徴として指摘できる。これは不定詞的性格と定詞的性格をあわせもつ、言語学的に興味ある言語現象である。 ポルトガルとブラジルのそれぞれで話されているポルトガル語の差異は主として音韻面に認められるが、これは19世紀にポルトガルでかなり大きな音韻変化が生じたためである。したがって、16世紀に日本へきたポルトガル人は、現在のブラジルのポルトガル語に近いことばを話していたと思われる。 [池上岺夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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