A status in ancient Rome. Plural form of client, which means protected. When a protective relationship based on mutual trust exists between the socially strong and the weak, the protector is called a patronus (also known as a patron) and the protected is called a clientes. This relationship was called a patroquinium by the patron and a clientera by the clientes. In early Rome, outsiders, freed slaves, and other inferiors became clients of patricians (nobles), who were Roman citizens with full legal capacity, and belonged to their clans. They received protection and support in social life in the form of legal representation and other forms, and in return were obligated to pay tribute and serve their patrons, especially by providing material assistance. When the clientes were given the right to vote in the popular assembly (which handles elections, legislation, etc.), they actively supported the political activities of their patrons. Over time, the concept of clientes broadened, and even between people who were legally equal, clienteira relationships arose due to differences in social power, and powerful politicians had a huge number of clientes, including legal equals and inferiors, who competed against each other. In the 1st century BC, soldiers from the proletariat became clients of powerful generals and formed their private armies. Throughout the Mediterranean world, residents of various regions, especially the upper classes, became clients of influential Romans, helping them in military, political, and economic matters, and in turn tried to secure their own positions through these relationships. Rome's overseas domination was centered on these relationships. [Tadanori Yoshimura] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代ローマの一身分。被保護者を意味するクリエンスcliensの複数形。社会的な強者と弱者との間に、相互の信頼に基づく保護関係が成り立つとき、保護者をパトローヌス(いわゆるパトロン)、被保護者をクリエンテスといい、また、この関係は、パトロンの側からはパトロキニウム関係、クリエンテスの側からはクリエンテーラ関係とよばれた。初期のローマでは、外来者・解放奴隷などの劣格者は、完全な権利能力をもつローマ国民であるパトリキ(貴族)のクリエンテスとなってその氏族に属し、訴訟代理その他の形で社会生活上の保護・支援を得、その代償としてパトロンへの表敬・奉仕の義務を負い、とくに物質的援助を行った。クリエンテスにも民会(選挙、立法などを行う)の投票権が与えられると、彼らはパトロンの政治活動を積極的に支持した。 時とともにクリエンテスの概念は幅を広げ、法的に対等な者の間にも、社会的勢力の落差によってクリエンテーラ関係が生じ、有力政治家たちは法的な対等者・劣等者を含む膨大なクリエンテスを擁して互いに拮抗(きっこう)した。紀元前1世紀には、無産階級出身の兵士が事実上有力将軍のクリエンテスとなってその私兵を形成した。広く地中海世界においても、各地の住民とくに上層民は、ローマ有力者のクリエンテスとなって、軍事、政治、経済の各方面で彼らを助け、また逆にこの関係から自己の地位を安泰ならしめようとした。ローマの海外支配は、このような関係を軸として進められた。 [吉村忠典] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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