Voltaire - Voltaire (English spelling)

Japanese: ボルテール - ぼるてーる(英語表記)Voltaire
Voltaire - Voltaire (English spelling)

A French Enlightenment thinker and writer. His real name was François Marie Arouet, and his pen name Voltaire was an anagram of Arouet le jeune. He was born in Paris on February 21st as the son of a notary, and studied at the prestigious Jesuit school Louis le Grand. It is said that he showed precocious talent in the field of literature while he was still a student. His father had intended for him to be his successor, but the son was increasingly inclined towards literature.

In 1717, he was imprisoned in the Bastille for writing a satirical piece that mocked the regent of the time, the Duke of Orléans. While in prison, he completed the tragedy Œdipe (1718), which became a huge hit, and from then on he took the name Voltaire. He also began to invest in business with the money he gained from the success of his plays. Around that time, he quarreled with an aristocrat who was not happy that Voltaire, who was of middle-class origin, was making his name known in the literary world, and he was imprisoned in the Bastille again. Having given up on French society, where only the privileged were given preferential treatment, in 1726 he traveled of his own accord to the "free" country of England, where he stayed for two years and seven months. During his time there, he saw Shakespeare in person, interacted with contemporary British writers such as Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751), Pope, and Swift, and also published the epic poem The Unriad (1728), which was one of his reasons for going to England.

[Shinichi Ichikawa June 17, 2015]

Ten years in Silay

In 1729, he returned to France and, influenced by Shakespeare's plays, published works such as "Zaire" (1732), while publishing "Letters Philosophical (English Letters)" (English version 1733, French version 1734), which was a scathing criticism of French society under the guise of a record of his experiences in England. The authorities saw through the book's extreme praise of England and immediately had it burned, so Voltaire, feeling in danger, fled to Sillay with his mistress, Émilie, Marquise du Châtelet-Laumont (1706-1749), at her residence, where he stayed for about ten years. His stay in Sillay (1734-1744) was the perfect academic life for Voltaire and his mistress. During this time, he devoted himself to reading a huge amount of books and collecting materials for the historical works and philosophical skits he would later write. During his time as Sillet, literary works included the philosophical poem "Man of this World" (1736), and the plays "Mohammed" (1741) and "Merope" (1743), as well as philosophical works such as "An Essay on Man" (1738) and "An Introduction to the Philosophy of Newton" (1738).

Following his appointment as historian in 1745, he was accepted as a member of the Académie Française in 1746, but a scandal forced him to leave Paris again. It was around this time that he wrote a philosophical comedy, Zadig (1747), about his own vacillation between fame and disappointment.

After the death of his mistress, Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire was invited by Frederick II of Prussia to go to Potsdam, where he published his historical work The Century of Louis XIV (1751) and his philosophical comedy Micromégas (1751). However, he left Prussia due to discord with Frederick II and animosity with Maupertuis, the director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.

Unable to return to Paris due to his feud with Louis XV, Voltaire temporarily settled in Saint-Jean near Geneva (which he named Les Délices), where he caused friction with the Geneva Synod over the performance of one of his own plays, and also had a fierce debate with J. J. Rousseau over a poem about the great earthquake that struck Lisbon on November 1, 1755. This earthquake prompted him to anonymously publish a philosophical comedy in 1759 that satirized the optimism of Leibniz and Pope, which became a huge success and is considered Voltaire's masterpiece, Candide (1759). Although he did not express deep philosophical ideas, as Comte's famous phrase "We must cultivate our gardens" indicates, he warned against the folly of humans getting too involved in God's providence and existence, which are beyond the reach of human knowledge, and argued that the human spirit must be free from authority and religion. This spirit is also prevalent in his great work Essai sur les mœurs (1756), which is considered a history of civilization.

[Shinichi Ichikawa June 17, 2015]

Ferney's Elderhood

In 1760, he found a place of peace in Ferney near the Swiss border, where he appealed to the farmers in the area to begin reforming the rural area and also established a watch factory to help the poor. During the 18 years he ruled over the area, he was called the "Elder of Ferney" and performed his own plays and welcomed literary figures and intellectuals from all over Europe. Works written during this period include the plays "The Scotsman" (1760) and "The Law of Minos" (1772), as well as the philosophical skits "Jean-de-Claus" (1764), "The Child of Nature" (1767), "The Man of Forty Ecu" (1767), and "The Queen of Babylon" (1768).

Among those who came to Ferney relying on Voltaire's fame were the family of Jean Calas (1698-1762), who was wrongly executed. Voltaire conducted his own investigations to clear the name of these people who had been falsely accused, and he applied his sharp scalpel to the Calas Affair (1762), Sirven Affair (1764), and Chevalier de La Barre Affair (1766), contributing to the rehabilitation of their reputations. It was around this time that he wrote Traité sur la Tolérance (1763), which incorporated Voltaire's unique religious views into the facts discovered in this way and advocated the spirit of tolerance.

He not only showed a particular interest in the Encyclopedia (1751-1772) edited by Diderot and d'Alembert from the beginning, but also contributed to it by writing a number of entries, mainly on history. Later, he re-edited these entries himself and published them in the form of his own ideal, the Dictionary of Philosophy (1764).

After the death of Louis XV, with whom he had long been in conflict, Voltaire decided to return to Paris, and on February 10, 1778, he made a triumphant return to Paris amid a rapturous welcome from the citizens, and his play Irène (1778) was performed at the Comédie-Française. However, due to the fatigue of the long journey and the extreme excitement of the enthusiastic welcome he received day after day, Voltaire passed away in Paris on May 30 of that year.

[Shinichi Ichikawa June 17, 2015]

"Fate, Zadig, and four other works, translated by Ikeda Kaoru (1938, Hakusuisha)""Philosophical Dictionary, translated by Takahashi Yasumitsu (1988, Hosei University Press)""The Shape of the World and six other works, translated by Ikeda Kaoru (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Candide, translated by Yoshimura Shoichiro (Iwanami Bunko)""Philosophical Letters, translated by Hayashi Tatsuo (Iwanami Bunko)""The Century of Louis XIV, all four volumes, translated by Maruyama Kumao (Iwanami Bunko)""The Callas Affair, translated by Nakagawa Makoto (Toyamabo Encyclopedia Library)""Voltaire, by André Mauroy, translated by Ikushima Ryoichi (1946, Sogensha)""The World of Voltaire, by Takahashi Yasumitsu (1979, Miraisha)"Hirochika Ogasawara and Shinichi Ichikawa (eds.), The Development of Enlightenment Political Thought (1984, Seibundo)

[References] | Candide [Chronology] | Voltaire (Chronology)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの啓蒙(けいもう)思想家、作家。本名はフランソア・マリ・アルエFrançois Marie Arouetで、筆名のボルテールは、アルエ・ジュニアArouet le jeuneの替え名(アナグラム)。彼は2月21日、公証人の息子としてパリに生まれ、イエズス会系の名門校ルイ・ル・グランに学んだ。在学中から文学の分野で早熟な才能を示したといわれる。父親は彼を後継ぎにするつもりだったが、息子のほうはますます文学への傾斜を深めていった。

 1717年、時の摂政オルレアン公を揶揄(やゆ)する風刺文を書いたかどでバスチーユ刑務所に投獄される。獄中で完成させた悲劇『エディプ』Œdipe(1718)が大当りをとり、以後、ボルテールと名のるとともに、このころから劇作の成功で得た資金をもとに事業にも投機した。そのころ、市民階級出のボルテールの勇名が文壇にとどろくのを喜ばない一貴族といさかいをおこし、再度バスチーユに投獄された。このように特権階級だけが優遇されるフランス社会に見切りをつけ、1726年には、彼は自らの意志で「自由の」国イギリスに渡り、2年7か月滞在した。その間、シェークスピアをじかに観劇したり、同時代のイギリスの作家ボーリングブロークHenry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke(1678―1751)、ポープ、スウィフトらと交流したり、また渡英目的の一つでもあった叙事詩『アンリアド』(1728)を出版した。

[市川慎一 2015年6月17日]

シレー滞在の10年

1729年に帰仏すると、シェークスピア劇の影響下に、劇作『ザイール』(1732)などを発表する一方、イギリスの見聞記という装いのもとにフランス社会を痛烈に批判した『哲学書簡(イギリス書簡)』(英語版1733、フランス語版1734)を刊行した。イギリスを極端に礼賛したこの書の真意を見抜いた当局側が直ちに焚書(ふんしょ)に処したことから、身の危険を感じたボルテールは、愛人デュ・シャトレ夫人Émilie, Marquise du Châtelet-Laumont(1706―1749)を伴い夫人の邸(やしき)のあるシレーに逃亡し、約10年間滞在した。シレー滞在はボルテールと愛人にとって絶好の学究生活の10年(1734~1744)となった。彼はこの間、のちに執筆される歴史作品や哲学コントのための膨大な読書と資料収集に没頭した。シレー時代には、文学作品として、哲学詩『この世の人』(1736)、劇作『マホメット』(1741)、『メロープ』(1743)などが、また、哲学作品として、『人間論』(1738)、『ニュートン哲学入門』(1738)などが執筆された。

 1745年の修史官任命に続いて、翌1746年、彼はアカデミー・フランセーズ会員として迎えられるが、舌禍事件のために再度パリを離れることとなる。このころ、名声と失意との間を行き来するわが身をテーマにした哲学コント『ザディーグ』(1747)を書いた。

 愛人デュ・シャトレ夫人の死後、ボルテールは、プロシアのフリードリヒ2世の招きでポツダムに赴き、そこで史書『ルイ14世の世紀』(1751)や哲学コント『ミクロメガス』(1751)を発表するが、フリードリヒ2世との不和とベルリン翰林院(かんりんいん)(科学アカデミー)院長モーペルチュイとの反目からプロシアを去る。

 ルイ15世との確執からパリに戻れないボルテールは、一時ジュネーブの近郊サン・ジャン(彼は悦楽荘Les Délices(レ・デリス)と命名)に居を構えるが、自作芝居の上演をめぐって、ジュネーブ宗務局と軋轢(あつれき)をおこす一方、1755年11月1日にリスボンを襲った大地震をめぐる詩で、J・J・ルソーと激しく論戦した。この大地震を契機に、1759年にライプニッツやポープの楽天主義を皮肉った哲学コントを匿名で出版し、大成功を収めることになるが、これがボルテールの最高傑作と目される『カンディード』(1759)である。彼は哲学的には深い思想を表明したわけではないけれども、このコントの名文句「われわれの庭(畑)を耕さねばならない」が示すように、人間が人知の及ぶところでない神の摂理や存在に深入りする愚を戒め、人間精神は権威や宗教から自由であらねばならないと主張した。この精神は文明史と考えられる大著『風俗史論』Essai sur les mœurs(1756)にも貫かれている。

[市川慎一 2015年6月17日]

フェルネーの長老時代

1760年にはスイスの国境に近いフェルネーに安住の地をみつけ、近郊の農民に呼びかけ農村の改革に着手するとともに、貧民救済のための時計工場もつくった。彼はこの地に君臨した約18年間、「フェルネーの長老」と称されながら、自作の劇作を上演したり、ヨーロッパ各地から文学者、知識人を迎えたりした。この期に書かれた作品としては、劇作『スコットランド人』(1760)、『ミノスの掟(おきて)』(1772)などがあり、哲学コント『ジャノとコラン』(1764)、『自然児』(1767)、『四十エキューの男』(1767)、『バビロンの女王』(1768)がある。

 フェルネーの地にボルテールの名声を頼って到来した人のなかには、誤って処刑されたジャン・カラスJean Calas(1698―1762)の遺族らもいた。彼はそういう人たちの冤罪(えんざい)の汚名をすすぐべく独自の調査を行い、カラス事件L'Affaire Calas(1762)、シルバンSirven事件(1764)、シュバリエ・ド・ラ・バールchevalier de La Barre事件(1766)に鋭いメスを加え、その名誉回復に貢献した。こうして判明した諸事実にボルテール独自の宗教観を盛り込んで、いわゆる寛容の精神を説いた『寛容論』Traité sur la Tolérance(1763)も、このころ執筆している。

 ディドロ、ダランベール編の『百科全書』(1751~1772)にも当初から並々ならぬ関心を示しただけではなく、自らも歴史を中心に数々の項目を執筆し協力した。のちに、それらの項目を自分で編集し直し、彼自身の理想とした『哲学辞典』(1764)という形で刊行した。

 長らく対立関係にあったルイ15世の死後、パリ帰還を決意したボルテールは市民の熱狂的歓迎のなか1778年2月10日パリに凱旋(がいせん)し、自作の戯曲『イレーヌ』Irène(1778)はコメディ・フランセーズで上演された。けれども長旅の疲労と連日の大歓迎という極度の興奮のために、ボルテールはこの年の5月30日にパリで永眠した。

[市川慎一 2015年6月17日]

『池田薫訳『運命・ザディーグ他4篇』(1938・白水社)』『高橋安光訳『哲学辞典』(1988・法政大学出版局)』『池田薫訳『浮世のすがた他6篇』(岩波文庫)』『吉村正一郎訳『カンディード』(岩波文庫)』『林達夫訳『哲学書簡』(岩波文庫)』『丸山熊雄訳『ルイ十四世の世紀』全4冊(岩波文庫)』『中川信訳『カラス事件』(冨山房百科文庫)』『アンドレ・モロワ著、生島遼一訳『ヴォルテール』(1946・創元社)』『高橋安光著『ヴォルテールの世界』(1979・未来社)』『小笠原弘親・市川慎一編著『啓蒙政治思想の展開』(1984・成文堂)』

[参照項目] | カンディード[年表] | ボルテール(年譜)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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