Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson

Japanese: ホールデーン(英語表記)Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson
Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson
Born: November 5, 1892, Oxford
[Died] December 1, 1964. Bhubaneswar, India. British geneticist, physiologist, and science educator. His father, John Scott Haldane (1860-1936), was a renowned physiologist and professor at Oxford University. From the age of eight, he was introduced to physiological research by his father. He studied at Oxford University and served as a regimental officer during World War I. After being discharged, he became a fellow of New College, Oxford, and served as a lecturer at Cambridge University (1923-32). He worked in the laboratory of Frederick G. Hopkins and engaged in biochemistry research. He demonstrated that chemical reactions carried out by enzymes obey the laws of thermodynamics, and showed that identical enzymes are widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdoms. He also made numerous achievements in genetics. He established a mathematical theory of the mechanism by which evolution of species occurs through natural selection, paving the way for the use of population genetics to address evolutionary issues (1924). He was also active as a journalist and science educator, and left behind many publications. In particular, Daedalus (1924), which discussed the prospects for future scientific development and included the idea of ​​in vitro fertilization, caused a great sensation and enhanced his reputation as a science journalist. He also formulated a theory on the origin of life separately from Alexander I. Oparin. The two theories share the general idea that life arose as a result of the increasing complexity of organic matter, but Haldane's theory is unique in that he believes that photochemical reactions caused by ultraviolet light were the driving force behind this process. He later became a professor at University College (1933). He became editor-in-chief of the British Communist Party's newspaper, the Daily Worker (1940), and joined the party (1942), but later became disillusioned with communism after seeing the suppression of the Soviet Union's genetics community due to the Lysenko theory. In 1957, in protest of the British and French invasion of Suez, he left Britain and emigrated to India. He served as a member of the National Statistical Institute in Calcutta (1957), director of the National Institute of Biological Sciences in India (1961), and the first director of the Orissa State Institute of Genetics and Biostatistics (1962), and laid the foundations for genetics research in India.

Haldane
Haldane, Duncan

Born September 14, 1951 in London, England. American physicist. Full name Frederick Duncan Michael Haldane. Obtained his PhD from Cambridge University in 1978. After working at the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France, the University of Southern California, and AT&T Bell Laboratories (→Bell Laboratories), he became a professor at the University of California, San Diego in 1986, and has been a professor at Princeton University since 1993. In 1983, using the concept of topology, he theoretically predicted that the properties of a system in which an infinite number of magnets are arranged in one dimension will be completely different depending on whether the magnets' sizes (spin is 1/2) are half-odd or integer (Haldane conjecture). The fact that the properties of the system change so dramatically when the spin size changes by just 1/2 is thought to be due to a phase transition, and this surprised many physicists. In 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (→Nobel Prize) along with David Thouless and Michael Kosterlitz, who demonstrated the first example of a geometric phase transition, the KT transition, for their use of geometry, a branch of mathematics, to explain the mechanism behind phase transitions, which are special states exhibited by macroscopic materials in magnets and electrical conductivity.

Haldane
Haldane, Richard Burdon, 1st Viscount Haldane

Born: July 30, 1856, Edinburgh
[Died] August 19, 1928. Perthshire, Crone British politician. Liberal Member of Parliament since 1885. Supported the South African War. Secretary of State for War in 1905. Implemented military reforms, including the establishment of the General Staff, the results of which were seen in World War I. In 1911 he was made Viscount. In 1912 he was made Lord Chancellor. Later, in 1924 he served as Lord Chancellor in the Labour government. He also had a deep knowledge of German philosophy.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1892.11.5. オックスフォード
[没]1964.12.1. インド,ブバネスワル
イギリスの遺伝学者,生理学者,科学啓蒙家。父ジョン・スコット・ホールデーン (1860~1936) は高名な生理学者で,オックスフォード大学教授。8歳より父について生理学研究の手ほどきを受ける。オックスフォード大学に学び,第1次世界大戦には連隊将校として従軍。除隊後オックスフォード大学ニューカレッジのフェローとなり,ケンブリッジ大学講師を務めた (1923~32) 。フレデリック・G.ホプキンズの研究室に属し,生化学研究に従事。酵素の行なう化学反応が熱力学の法則に従うことを明らかにし,また同一の酵素が動植物界に広く分布することを示した。遺伝学においても数々の業績を上げた。自然選択によって種の進化が起こる機構に関して数学的理論を打ち立て,進化の問題を集団遺伝学の手法で取り扱う道を開いた (1924) 。他方,ジャーナリスト,科学啓蒙家としての活動も盛んで,多数の著作を残した。特に『ダエダルス-科学と未来』 Daedalus (1924) は,将来の科学の発展の見通しについて論じたもので,体外受精の構想も述べられていて,大きな反響を呼び,科学ジャーナリストとしての名声を高めた。また,アレクサンドル・I.オパーリンとは別個に生命の起原に関する理論を立てた。有機物質の複雑化が進行した末に生命が誕生したという大筋で両者の説は共通するが,紫外線による光化学反応がこの過程の推進力となったと考えた点にホールデーン説の特徴がある。その後,ユニバーシティ・カレッジ教授に就任 (1933) 。イギリス共産党機関紙『デーリー・ワーカー』主筆となり (1940) ,共産党に入党する (1942) が,のちルイセンコ説によるソビエト連邦遺伝学界の弾圧をみて共産主義に失望。 1957年,イギリスとフランスによるスエズ侵攻に抗議してイギリスを去り,インドに移住。カルカッタ国立統計学研究所所員 (1957) ,インド国立生物学研究所部長 (1961) ,オリッサ州立遺伝学・生物統計学研究所初代所長 (1962) を歴任し,インドにおける遺伝学研究の基礎をつくった。

ホールデーン
Haldane, Duncan

[生]1951.9.14. ロンドン
イギリス生まれのアメリカ合衆国の物理学者。フルネーム Frederick Duncan Michael Haldane。1978年ケンブリッジ大学で博士号取得。フランスのグルノーブルにあるラウエ=ランジュバン研究所,南カリフォルニア大学,AT&Tベル研究所(→ベル研究所)を経て,1986年カリフォルニア大学サンディエゴ校教授になり,1993年以降プリンストン大学教授。1983年,トポロジー(位相幾何学)の考え方を利用して,一次元に無限個の磁石が並んだ系の性質が,その磁石の大きさ(スピンは 1/2が単位となる)が半奇数であるか整数であるかでまったく異なると理論的に予想した(ホールデーン予想)。スピンの大きさが 1/2変わるだけで,系の性質が大きく変わるのは相転移によるものと考えられ,多くの物理学者を驚かせた。2016年,磁石や電気伝導などでマクロな物質が示す特殊な状態である相転移の起こる仕組みを数学の一分野である幾何学で解明してみせたとして,幾何学的な相転移の最初の例である KT転移を示したデービッド・サウレス,マイケル・コステリッツとともにノーベル物理学賞(→ノーベル賞)を授与された。

ホールデーン
Haldane, Richard Burdon, 1st Viscount Haldane

[生]1856.7.30. エディンバラ
[没]1928.8.19. パースシャー,クローン
イギリスの政治家。 1885年以来自由党下院議員。南アフリカ戦争を支持。 1905年陸相。参謀本部創設をはじめとする軍制改革を実行し,その成果は第1次世界大戦で示された。 11年子爵。 12年大法官。のち 24年労働党内閣でも大法官をつとめた。ドイツ哲学にも造詣が深い。

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