This is the habit of fish born in a river going down to the sea and returning to the same river system after a certain period of time. The river that they migrate upstream is called the natal river (mother tributary), and the most famous example is the return of salmon and trout to their natal rivers. This phenomenon has been known empirically for a long time, but it was first scientifically proven in 1653 by I. Walton, who showed that juvenile Atlantic salmon tagged with ribbons and released into the sea returned to the same place to spawn a few years later. Later, in the 1930s, American biologist Willis Horton Rich (1885-1972) and others proved it for sockeye salmon and chinook salmon. In natural conditions, the natal river is the river where they were born and raised, but if they are transplanted to another river at a juvenile stage, that river becomes their natal river. On average, more than 90% of salmon that live in the ocean and return to a river return to their natal river, and even if they return to a river other than their natal river, many of them return to a river close to their natal river. The sense of smell plays a major role in salmon and trout returning to their natal rivers. The most likely explanation is the olfactory imprinting hypothesis, which was confirmed in a scientific experiment in 1983 by American biologists Arthur Davis Hasler (1908-2001) and Allan T. Scholz (1948- ). Young fish memorize the water quality of their natal river, that is, the unique odor derived from the soil and vegetation of the river basin, for a short period (within two days, a few hours) before they descend the river. This memory is imprinted in the telencephalon by the sense of smell. The imprinted substance is chemically stable and is presumed to be a single compound or two or three compounds. This olfactory substance is diluted downstream and in the ocean, but salmon and trout with well-developed sense of smell are said to be able to recognize it even 100 kilometers offshore. Salmon and trout that return to their natal rivers after living in the ocean for several years are able to distinguish the water of their natal river from the water of other nearby rivers, individuals with their nostrils blocked lose the ability to distinguish their natal river, and their brain waves change when exposed to the water of their natal river.These facts indicate that they have strong memories of the water of their natal river. It remains a mystery how they locate themselves in the open ocean, far from the coast and unaffected by the waters of their natal rivers, and how they determine which direction to return to. Sockeye salmon and Chinook salmon, which live in freshwater, have the ability to use a solar compass to determine direction from the movement of the sun. However, it is unclear how effective this is at high latitudes where the skies are constantly cloudy. Rather, it is said that there are several large counterclockwise gyres in the northern Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk, and that they move along these currents, gradually approaching the coast before spawning by sensing the slight changes in electrical potential that occur in the water currents. Other theories that have been put forward include the pheromone theory, the polarized light theory, and the star compass theory, but none of these have been scientifically proven. Currently, approaches to this theory are being made from the earth's magnetic field, animal behavior, reproductive physiology, and sensory neurophysiology. Since the 1980s, 1.8 to 2 billion salmon, which have a strong tendency to return to their natal rivers, have been released nationwide every year. Advances in release technology have led to an increase in the return rate, and in the 2010s, 4 to 5% of the salmon released returned. The rivers where salmon are released include the Tokachi River and Ishikari River in Hokkaido, and the Tsugaruishi River in Iwate Prefecture, as well as major rivers that flow into the coasts of Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Hokuriku. [Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
川で生まれた魚が海に下り、一定期間を経て同じ河川系に戻る習性をいう。遡上(そじょう)する川を母川(母支流)といい、サケ・マス類の母川回帰がもっとも有名である。この現象は、経験的に古くから知られていたが、1653年にI・ウォルトンが、リボン標識をつけて放流したタイセイヨウサケの幼魚が数年後に同じところに産卵のために帰ってきたことを科学的に証明したのが最初である。その後、1930年代にアメリカの生物学者のリッチWillis Horton Rich(1885―1972)らによってベニザケやマスノスケで立証された。母川は自然状態では生まれ育った川であるが、幼期にほかの川に移殖するとその川が母川となる。サケは、海洋で生活して川へ戻ったもののうち、平均的に90%以上が母川へ帰り、母川以外の川へ帰ったものも、その多くは母川の近くの川へ遡上する。 サケ・マス類の母川回帰には嗅覚(きゅうかく)が大きな働きをしている。アメリカの生物学者のハスラーArthur Davis Hasler(1908―2001)とショルツAllan T. Scholz(1948― )が1983年に科学的な実験で確かめた嗅覚刷り込み説が有力である。幼魚は降河前の短い期間(2日以内、数時間)に母川の水質、つまり流域の土壌や植生に由来する独特の臭いを記憶する。この記憶づけは嗅覚によって端脳に刷り込まれる。刷り込まれる物質は化学的に安定していて、単一または2、3の化合物であると推定されている。この嗅覚物質は下流や海では薄められるが、嗅覚がよく発達したサケ・マス類は100キロメートル沖合いでも認知するといわれている。何年かの海洋生活を経て母川に帰ったサケ・マス類が、母川の水と隣接する他の河川の水を区別できることや、鼻孔をふさいだ個体は母川識別能力を欠くこと、母川水に対して脳波が変化することなど、特殊な反応や行動をする事実は、母川水への記憶が確かなものであることを示している。 沿岸から遠く離れて母川水の影響が及ばない外洋でどのように自分の位置を確かめ、どのようにして帰る方向を判断しているかは依然として謎(なぞ)に包まれている。淡水生活中のベニザケやマスノスケは太陽の運行から方角を知る太陽コンパスの能力がある。しかし、曇天続きの高緯度ではたしてどれだけの効果があるかは不明である。それよりも太平洋北部やオホーツク海にはいくつかの反時計回りの大きな還流があり、それにのって移動し、産卵前に水流に生ずる微弱な電位変化を知ってしだいに沿岸に近づくともいわれている。そのほかにフェロモン説、偏光説、星座コンパス説などがあげられているが、いずれも科学的に証明されていない。現在、地球の磁場、動物行動、繁殖生理、感覚神経生理などからもアプローチされている。 母川回帰性が強いサケは1980年代以降、全国で毎年18~20億尾が放流されている。放流技術の進歩によって当初より回帰率が上昇し、2010年代では放流数の4~5%が回帰するようになった。放流河川も北海道の十勝(とかち)川、石狩(いしかり)川、岩手県の津軽石(つがるいし)川をはじめとして、おもに北海道、東北、北陸地方の沿岸に注ぐ主要な諸河川に及んでいる。 [落合 明・尼岡邦夫] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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