The Kurdish inhabited area is mainly located in the mountainous region on the borders of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Kurdistan means the land of the Kurds in Persian. The population of the Kurds is estimated at 5 to 25 million. In addition to the Kurds, Nestorian Christians called Assyrians and Turkmen also live there. In 1920, the Treaty of Sevres, signed between the Allied Powers and Turkey in World War I, promised the Kurds independence. However, in Turkey and Syria, the Kurds have not been recognized as a separate ethnic group. Iran has the province of Kurdistan as an administrative unit, and Iraq also has the Kurdistan Autonomous Region. However, many Kurds are not satisfied with this and are engaged in armed struggle in Iran and Iraq for greater autonomy. The majority of the residents are engaged in agriculture and livestock farming. Kirkuk, in the Kurdish inhabited area of Iraq, has a large oil field. [Kazuo Takahashi] historyDuring the Seljuk period, it was first used to describe the region between Azerbaijan and Luristan, centered on Hamadan and Kermanshah. During the Timurid period (1370-1500), the area was said to extend from present-day Urmia in Iran to Malatya and Upper Mesopotamia in Turkey. It was the stage for territorial disputes between the Ottoman and Safavid dynasties, and was divided as the borders of the current countries were drawn, and to this day no unified state has been established. Many rebellions for independence were started, but they were all suppressed, and the People's Republic of Kurdistan, which was established in Iran just after World War II (1945), collapsed within 11 months. There are endless problems, such as the refugee problem from Iraq during the Gulf War (1990-1991) and the conflict in Turkey. [Kousuke Shimizu] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イラン、イラク、トルコ、シリア、ジョージア(グルジア)、アルメニア、アゼルバイジャン国境の山岳地帯を中心とするクルド人の居住地域。クルディスターンとはペルシア語でクルドの土地を意味する。クルドの人口は500万~2500万と推定される。クルド以外にも、アッシリアンとよばれるネストリウス派キリスト教徒やトルクメンなども居住する。1920年、第一次世界大戦の連合国とトルコとの間に締結されたセーブル条約で、クルドの独立が約束された。しかしトルコとシリアでは、クルドは独自の民族としての地位を認められていない。イランには行政単位としてクルディスターン州があり、イラクにもクルディスターン自治区が存在する。しかし多くのクルドは、それに満足せず、イランとイラクでより大幅な自治を求めて武装闘争を行っている。住民の大半は農業や牧畜業に従事している。イラクのクルド居住地域内のキルクークには大油田がある。 [高橋和夫] 歴史セルジューク朝時代に、アゼルバイジャンとルリスタンの間の、ハマダン、ケルマーンシャーを中心とする地方についていわれたのが最初である。ティームール朝時代(1370~1500)には、現在のイランのウルミエから、トルコのマラティヤ、上メソポタミアまでがその範囲とされた。オスマン朝とサファビー朝の領土争奪の舞台となったのをはじめ、現在の諸国の国境画定に伴って分断され、今日に至るまで統一国家は成立していない。独立を求めて多くの反乱が起こされたが、いずれも弾圧され、イランで第二次世界大戦直後(1945)に成立したクルディスターン人民共和国も11か月で崩壊した。湾岸戦争(1990~1991)時のイラク領内からの難民問題、トルコにおける紛争など問題は絶えない。 [清水宏祐] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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