Broadcasting is defined as "the transmission of wireless communications intended for direct reception by the public," and broadcasting stations are defined as "radio stations that broadcast" (Article 2 of the Broadcasting Act). This is the legal definition of a broadcasting station in Japan, but generally it refers to an entity that broadcasts radio or television under a license from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications. Legally, a broadcasting station is a type of wireless station, so cable radio broadcasting stations and cable television stations (CATV) in rural areas are not included in the definition of broadcasting stations here, even though they are functionally similar to broadcasting stations. Broadcasting stations are regulated by the Radio Act (Act No. 131 of 1950) and the Broadcast Act (Act No. 132 of 1950), while cable broadcasting stations are regulated by the Cable Telecommunications Act (Act No. 96 of 1953), the Act on Regulation of the Operation of Cable Radio Broadcasting Business (Act No. 135 of 1951), and the Cable Television Broadcasting Act (Act No. 114 of 1972). [Yasuhiro Iyoda] historyThe first broadcasting station (radio) in the world is generally considered to be KDKA in Pittsburgh, USA, which opened on November 2, 1920. In Japan, the Tokyo Broadcasting Station (JOAK), the predecessor of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), began provisional broadcasting on March 22, 1925 (Taisho 14), and began regular broadcasting on July 12 of the same year. Commercial radio broadcasting stations were launched on September 1, 1951 (Showa 26), by Chubu Nippon Broadcasting (CBC) and New Japan Broadcasting (now Mainichi Broadcasting System, MBS). There are many theories about the beginning of television broadcasting, but in the United States, NBC and CBS began official broadcasting in New York on July 1, 1941, and in Japan, NHK Tokyo Television Station began regular broadcasting on February 1, 1953, and Nippon Television Network Corporation (NTV) opened as the first commercial television station on August 28 of the same year. [Yasuhiro Iyoda] driver licenceBroadcasting stations are established based on a frequency allocation plan (channel plan) drawn up by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in order to use limited frequencies efficiently and fairly. Anyone wishing to open a broadcasting station must obtain a license from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications through a prescribed procedure (Article 4 of the Radio Act). Upon receiving a license application, the Minister examines the suitability of the construction design, the possibility of frequency allocation, the financial basis, etc. (Article 7 of the same Act), and first grants a provisional license, then inspects the constructed facilities and equipment before granting a full license. The license is valid for five years, and upon expiration an inspection is conducted, and if the inspection passes, a new license is issued. [Yasuhiro Iyoda] facilityA broadcasting station's facilities are roughly divided into two categories: studios for producing programs, and broadcasting stations for transmitting programs as airwaves. Studios are centered around broadcasting studios, and in addition to studios and adjustment facilities, they also house relay technology-related facilities for external production such as news and sports broadcasts, recording and video recording facilities, and program planning and programming, sales, and other administrative functions required to realize the studio's production functions. Meanwhile, broadcasting stations are usually called transmitting stations, and while studios are located within cities for the convenience of performers and program production, broadcasting stations are usually located in the suburbs, and transmit programs sent from studios by wire or wirelessly as airwaves using equipment such as broadcasting units and transmitting antennas. [Yasuhiro Iyoda] Management StructureIn Japan, there were previously two types of management structures for broadcasting stations: NHK, a special public corporation established under law, and private broadcasters (currently only commercial broadcasters, and under the Broadcasting Act they are called general broadcasters). However, in 1984, the Open University broadcasting station, which was fully funded by the government, was opened, adding a new form of government-run broadcasting station to the mix. In the United States, there are no state or public broadcasters, only private broadcasters (mostly commercial broadcasters, but also many public broadcasters run by non-profit community organizations and universities), while in Europe, the UK and Italy had a dual-trail system of public and private broadcasters from early on, but it was only after the 1980s that major countries such as France and Germany (formerly West Germany) adopted a dual-trail system of public and private broadcasters, and until then most countries were dominated by public or state-run broadcasters. In France, the revision of the Broadcasting Act in 1982 allowed private participation in the broadcasting business, and private broadcasters were born first in local FM radio, and in February 1986 private broadcasters also began service in television broadcasting (the public broadcaster TF1 was privatized). After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia also saw the emergence of public and private broadcasters in addition to state-run broadcasters. China's broadcasting business is state-run. With the amendment of the Broadcasting Act in October 1989, a new broadcasting system consisting of commissioned broadcasters and entrusted broadcasters was introduced. Unlike terrestrial broadcasters and satellite (BS) broadcasters, who are themselves owners of radio wave transmission facilities, entrusted broadcasters, who provide broadcasting services using communication satellites, do not have their own transmission facilities, and therefore their business operations are permitted by "certification" rather than by "license." Therefore, although commissioned broadcasters are not "broadcast stations," they are included in the category of broadcasters. [Yasuhiro Iyoda] "Broadcasting Industry (New Edition)" by Shigeru Nozaki, Yoshiyuki Higashiyama, and Toshiyuki Shinohara (Kyoikusha Shinsho) " "Radio and Television of the World 1988" edited by the Japan Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (1988, Japan Broadcasting Publishing Association)" [Reference] | | | | | | |The heart of NHK, with a site area of approximately 25,000 tsubo (82,650 m), is the site of the broadcasting center. Construction began in 1963 to relocate the facility from the Tokyo Broadcasting Hall in Uchisaiwaicho, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo, which had been in use since 1938 (Showa 13). The entire relocation was completed in 1973. In 1964, while construction was still in progress, some of the completed facilities were used to broadcast the Tokyo Olympics. On the right in the photo is the main building, which has become the symbol of the broadcasting center. Shibuya Ward, Tokyo ©Yutaka Sakano "> NHK Broadcasting Center Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
「公衆によって直接受信されることを目的とする無線通信の送信」を放送といい、「放送をする無線局」を放送局という(放送法2条)。これが日本の法律上の放送局の定義だが、一般には、総務大臣の免許を受けてラジオまたはテレビの放送を行っている事業体をいう。法制上、放送局は無線局の一種であるから、農村などにおけるラジオ有線放送局や有線テレビ局(CATV)は、機能的には放送局と似ていても、ここでいう放送局には含まれない。放送(局)は、電波法(昭和25年法律131号)、放送法(昭和25年法律132号)によって、有線放送(局)は、有線電気通信法(昭和28年法律96号)、有線ラジオ放送業務の運用の規正に関する法律(昭和26年法律135号)、有線テレビジョン放送法(昭和47年法律114号)によって、それぞれ規律されている。 [伊豫田康弘] 歴史世界で最初の放送局(ラジオ)は、1920年11月2日に開局したアメリカのピッツバーグのKDKA局をあげるのが普通である。日本ではNHK(日本放送協会)の前身である東京放送局(JOAK)が25年(大正14)3月22日仮放送をスタート、同年7月12日から本放送を開始した。民間放送ラジオは、51年(昭和26)9月1日に中部日本放送(CBC)と新日本放送(現毎日放送、MBS)が開局した。テレビ放送の始まりについては諸説あってさだかでないが、アメリカではNBCとCBSが1941年7月1日ニューヨークで正式放送を開始しており、日本では53年2月1日からNHK東京テレビジョン局の本放送がスタート、同年8月28日、民間放送テレビ局第1号として日本テレビ放送網(NTV)が開局した。 [伊豫田康弘] 免許放送局は、有限の周波数を効率的かつ公平に利用するため、総務省の策定する周波数割当計画(チャンネルプラン)に基づいて置局される。放送局を開設しようとする場合は、所定の手続で総務大臣の免許を受けなければならない(電波法4条)。免許申請を受けた総務大臣は、工事設計の適否や周波数割当の可能性、財政的基礎などを審査し(同法7条)、まず予備免許を与え、ついで建設された施設・設備を検査して本免許を与える。免許の有効期間は5年間で、満了の時点で検査があり、合格すれば再免許が下りる。 [伊豫田康弘] 施設放送局の施設は大きく分けて、番組を制作するための演奏所と、番組を放送電波として送信するための放送所の二つからなる。演奏所は放送スタジオを中心とするもので、スタジオ、調整設備のほか、報道やスポーツ中継など局外制作用の中継技術関連の設備、録音・録画関連の設備、および、こうした演奏所の制作機能を実現するための番組企画編成、営業その他の経営事務機構が置かれている。一方、放送所は、普通、送信所とよばれ、演奏所が出演者や番組制作上の利便から都市内に置かれているのに対し、郊外に設置され、演奏所から有線または無線で送られてきた番組を、放送機、送信空中線などの設備により放送電波として発射する。 [伊豫田康弘] 経営形態放送局の経営形態は、わが国ではこれまで法律に基づいて設置された特殊法人(公共企業体)NHKと民間放送(現在は商業放送のみ、放送法上の名称は一般放送事業者)の2種類だったが、1984年度に政府全額出資の「放送大学」放送局が開局され、新たに国営形態の放送局が加わった。 アメリカは、国・公営はなく民放(商業放送局が中心だが、非営利のコミュニティ団体や大学が経営する公共放送局も多い)のみ、ヨーロッパは、イギリスとイタリアは早くから公共放送と民放の二本立て体制であったが、フランスやドイツ(旧西ドイツ)など主要国が公共・民法二本立て制となったのは、1980年代以降であり、それまでは公共放送ないし国営放送主体の国がほとんどであった。フランスは82年の放送法改正により放送事業への民間参入が認められ、まずローカルFMラジオで民放が誕生、86年2月からテレビ放送でも民放(公共放送のTF1が民営化)がサービスを開始した。ロシアもソ連解体後、国営のほか、公共放送、民放が登場している。中国の放送事業は国営である。 1989年(平成1)10月の放送法等の改正により、受託放送事業者および委託放送事業者からなる新しい放送制度が導入された。通信衛星を利用して放送サービスを行う委託放送事業者は、地上波の放送事業者や衛星(BS)放送事業者自らが電波送信施設の所有者であるのと異なり、自前の送信施設をもたないところから、事業運営も「免許」ではなく「認定」によって認められる。したがって、委託放送事業者は「放送局」ではないが、放送事業者には含まれる。 [伊豫田康弘] 『野崎茂・東山禎之・篠原俊行著『放送業界〔新版〕』(教育社新書)』▽『日本放送協会放送文化調査研究所編『世界のラジオとテレビジョン1988』(1988・日本放送出版協会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |敷地面積約2万5000坪(8万2650m)を誇るNHKの中枢。1938年(昭和13)から使用していた東京都千代田区内幸町の東京放送会館から移転するため、63年に着工。73年、全面移転が完了した。工事中の64年には、完成していた一部の施設を使用して東京オリンピックの放送を行った。写真右は、放送センターのシンボルともなっている本館。東京都渋谷区©Yutaka Sakano"> NHK放送センター 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Broadcasting education - education through radio and television
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