Since there are no stable isotopes for elements with atomic numbers 84 and above (polonium), the nuclides produced by alpha decay of nuclides with atomic numbers 85 and above, or beta decay of nuclides with atomic numbers 83 and above, are always radioactive. Therefore, these nuclides decay sequentially until they become stable isotopes of bismuth (element 83) or lead (element 82), and a parent-child relationship is established between the nuclides. This series is called a radioactive decay series, or simply a decay series. Note that element 85 does not transform into the stable isotope of element 83 through alpha decay, but immediately undergoes beta decay to become the radioactive nuclide of element 84. The mass numbers of the decay products decrease by 4 during alpha decay and remain unchanged during beta decay, so the mass numbers of nuclides belonging to one decay series differ by multiples of 4. The series with mass numbers 4n ( n is a positive integer) is called the thorium series, the 4n + 1 series is called the neptunium series, the 4n + 2 series is called the uranium series, and the 4n + 3 series is called the actinium series. Only the neptunium series is a series of artificial radioactive nuclides; the others exist naturally. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
原子番号 84番 (ポロニウム) 以上の元素には安定同位体が存在しないので,原子番号 85以上の核種のα崩壊または原子番号 83以上の核種のβ崩壊による生成核種は必ず放射性である。したがって,これらの核種は 83番元素のビスマスまたは 82 番元素の鉛の安定同位体になるまで順次崩壊し,核種間に1種の親子関係が成立する。この系列を放射性崩壊系列または単に崩壊系列という。なお,85番元素はα崩壊しても 83番の安定同位体には変換せず,すぐβ崩壊して 84番の放射性核種になる。崩壊生成核種の質量数はα崩壊の際に4だけ減少し,β崩壊の際は不変なので1つの崩壊系列に属する核種の質量数は4の倍数だけ異なる。質量数 4n ( n は正の整数) の系列をトリウム系列,4n+1 の系列をネプツニウム系列,4n+2 の系列をウラン系列,4n+3 の系列をアクチニウム系列という。ネプツニウム系列のみは人工放射性核種の系列で,他は天然に存在する。
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