Kyd, Thomas

Japanese: キッド（英語表記）Kyd， Thomas

Born: November 1558, London
[died] December 30, 1594. London. English playwright. Entered the Merchant Tailors' School in 1565 and acquired a classical education. With his excellent theatrical sense, he succeeded in anglicizing a Latin play with The Spanish Tragedy (c. 1587-88), which became a big hit at the public theater and was performed repeatedly for the next 15 years, starting the trend of revenge tragedies in the Elizabethan era. In this play, Kyd borrowed from Seneca the theme of revenge, ghosts, pantomimes, long lines and monologues in a dramatic reading style, and other elements. In addition, rather than taking the subject matter from classical mythology or legendary English history, he fictionalized the story set in Spain at the time, made the plot complicated with subplots, gave motivations to the characters' actions, and added gruesome psychological twists to the characters' personalities, creating the first Machiavellian villain in the history of English literature, who would develop into Iago, who would develop into the protagonist's madness and procrastination reminiscent of Hamlet. He also invented his own unique ideas, such as setting the stage for murder and madness, using a play within a play to carry out revenge, and using prose and verse, and unrhymed and rhymed, depending on the purpose, thus completing the tools of subsequent revenge plays. On the other hand, he also produced Cornelia (94), an adaptation of a work by R. Garnier, a neo-Senecan, which enhanced Seneca's lyric and introspective beauty and eliminated the brutality of the plot. He is also believed to be the author of Ur-Hamlet, a lost work that is thought to have been the original source of Hamlet.

Kid
Kidd, Benjamin

Born: September 9, 1858.
[Died] October 2, 1916, South Croydon British social philosopher. After his civil service career, he traveled the world to conduct social research, visiting the United States and Canada in 1898 and South America in 1902. His sociology is based on H. Spencer's theory of social evolution, and in 1894, in Social Evolution, he pointed out the paradox of social evolution, namely the contradiction between social evolution and reason. He argued that social evolution is always accompanied by the progress of irrational processes, and therefore contradicts the evolution of reason. Reason rebels against the progress of such irrational processes, and if reason wins as a result, the progress of reason itself will come to a halt. He tried to further support this idea with history in Principles of Western Civilization (1902). His social thought caused a considerable stir in Britain, which was approaching the turn of the century, but its academic structure was weak.

Kid
Kidd, William

Born: circa 1645, Greenock, Scotland
Captain Kidd died in London on May 23, 1701. He was a British pirate known as Captain Kidd. He had been in charge of suppressing pirates in North America since 1696, but the following year he went to Madagascar, a base for pirates, and became a pirate himself. When he returned to New England in 1699, he was arrested and executed on the banks of the Thames.

Kid
kid

The term "kidskin" refers to the skin of a kid, but is usually used to refer to the tanned hide of the kid. Kid skin is soft and has a beautiful grain surface, and is used for high-quality leather such as shoe uppers and gloves. It is also sometimes used to refer to similar leathers made from sheep or goatskin.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1558.11. ロンドン
[没]1594.12.30. ロンドン
イギリスの劇作家。 1565年マーチャント・テーラーズ校に入学，古典の教養を身につけた。そのすぐれた演劇感覚によって，『スペインの悲劇』 The Spanish Tragedy (1587～88頃) でラテン劇をイギリス化することに成功，公共劇場で大当りをとり，以後 15年間繰返し上演されて，エリザベス朝における復讐悲劇流行の端緒を開いた。この劇でキッドは，復讐の主題や亡霊，黙劇，劇的朗読法による長ぜりふや独白などをセネカから借用しているが，そのほか，題材を古典の神話や伝説的なイギリス史にとらずに，当時のスペインを舞台に物語を虚構し，筋の構成も副筋を用いて複雑にし，人物の行動に動機を与え，性格には陰惨な心理的屈折を加えて，ハムレットに通じる主人公の狂気や遷延，イアーゴーに発展するイギリス文学史上最初のマキアベリ的な悪党を創造した。また殺人や狂乱を舞台にのせ，復讐の遂行に劇中劇を用い，目的に応じて散文と韻文，無韻と押韻を使い分けるなど，独自の趣向を考案，以後の復讐劇の道具立てを完成した。他方，セネカの抒情的，内省的な美を高め，筋の残忍性を一掃したネオ・セネカ派の R.ガルニエの作の翻案『コーネリア』 Cornelia (94) がある。そのほか『ハムレット』の原典になったと思われる現存しない『原ハムレット』 Ur-Hamletの作者と推定されている。

キッド
Kidd， Benjamin

[生]1858.9.9.
[没]1916.10.2. サウスクロイドン
イギリスの社会哲学者。官吏生活後社会調査のため世界を旅行し，1898年にはアメリカ，カナダを，1902年には南アメリカを訪れた。彼の社会学は H.スペンサーの社会進化論の系譜に立つもので，1894年に『社会進化論』 Social Evolutionで社会進化のもつ逆説，すなわち社会進化と理性の矛盾を指摘した。社会進化は非理性的過程の進展を常に伴うので，理性の進化と矛盾するというのである。理性はこのような非理性的過程の進展に反逆するが，その結果理性が勝てば，次に理性そのものの進展が停止してしまうと考え，この考え方を『西洋文明の諸原理』 Principles of Western Civilization (1902) で，歴史によってさらに裏づけようとした。彼の社会思想は世紀の転換期を迎えつつあったイギリスにおいて相当の反響を呼んだが，その学問的構成は薄弱であった。

キッド
Kidd， William

[生]1645頃.スコットランド，グリノック
[没]1701.5.23. ロンドン
キャプテン・キッドの名で知られるイギリスの海賊。 1696年から北アメリカにおいて海賊討伐の任にあたっていたが，翌年海賊の根拠地マダガスカル島におもむいてみずから海賊となり，99年ニューイングランドへ戻ったとき逮捕され，テムズ河畔で処刑された。