Friedman, Milton

Japanese: フリードマン(英語表記)Friedman, Milton
Friedman, Milton
Born: July 31, 1912, Brooklyn, New York
[Died] November 16, 2006. San Francisco, California. Economist and educator from the United States. Studied at the University of Chicago and Columbia University, worked mainly for government agencies before World War II, and taught at the University of Chicago from 1946 to 1983. His main research subject is money, and since 1958 he has been known as the proponent of the new quantity theory of money. Having been an advisor to Richard M. Nixon during his presidency, his monetarism, which regards the money supply as the largest economic policy variable and opposes fiscal and monetary policies (→Keynesian school) under the influence of John Maynard Keynes, gradually expanded its influence. His research fields are wide, including economic methodology, consumption function theory, American monetary history, and liberal economics. Ideologically, he was one of the leaders of neoliberalism and a central figure in the Chicago School. He was a member and officer of various academic societies, and served as a professor emeritus at various universities. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976. His major works include "Essays in Positive Economics" (1953), "A Theory of the Consumption Function" (1957), "Capitalism and Freedom" (1962), "A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960" (1963, co-authored with Anna Schwartz), "The Role of Monetary Policy" (1968), "Free to Choose" (1980), and "Bright Promises, Dismal Performance" (1983), among others.

Friedman
Freedman, Michael Hartley

Born April 21, 1951 in Los Angeles, California. American mathematician. Received his PhD from Princeton University in 1973. Taught at the University of California, Berkeley from 1973 to 1975, was appointed to the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton from 1975 to 1976, and became a professor at the University of California, San Diego in 1976. At the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Berkeley in 1986, he received the Fields Medal for solving the four-dimensional Poincaré conjecture. In 1998, he was invited to Microsoft Research, Microsoft's research institute, becoming the first Fields Medal winner outside of academia. In the early 20th century, Henri Poincaré proposed the so-called Poincaré conjecture, which states that a compact, simply connected three-manifold is homeomorphic to a three-sphere. The Poincaré conjecture for general dimensions states that if an n -dimensional manifold is homotopically equivalent to the n -dimensional sphere (→ homotopy theory), then it is homeomorphic to the n- sphere. Corresponding results for one and two dimensions were already known in the 19th century. The higher-dimensional Poincaré conjecture for n >= 5 was solved by Stephen Smale in 1960. However, in the case of four dimensions, a difficulty arose in that the intersection theory that holds in higher dimensions could not be used, and this was solved by Friedman in 1983. Furthermore, by combining Friedman's result with the work of Simon Donaldson, the surprising result was obtained that four-dimensional space has a structure different from the usual differential structure.

Friedman
Friedman, Jerome Isaac

Born March 28, 1930, Chicago, Illinois. American physicist. Graduated from the University of Chicago in 1950 and received his doctorate there in 1956. He conducted research at Stanford University from 1957 to 1960, and was an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1960, and a professor there in 1967. During this time, he worked on nuclear scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) with Henry Way Kendall and Richard E. Taylor. In 1975, he came to the conclusion that protons and neutrons have a hard, point-like core inside them, and that this is the fundamental particle quark that had been proposed in 1964. In 1990, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Kendall and Taylor for his work in confirming the existence of quarks, which are essential for a unified theory of interactions among elementary particles.

Friedman
Friedmann, Georges Philippe

Born: May 13, 1902 in Paris
[Died] November 15, 1977.
French sociologist. He participated in the anti-German Resistance during World War II, and was active in the peace movement after the war. He served as professor at the École national des arts and crafts for two years from 1946, and served as academic director of the École des Hautes Études (School of Advanced Studies) at the Sorbonne from 1948, and as director of the Centre for Sociological Research from 1949 to 1951. His sociology of labour sought to grasp the reality of labour from physiological, technological, psychological and social perspectives in order to understand labour more comprehensively. In particular, he was keen to point out that changes in the technological environment of workers would bring about human alienation. His main work is Où va le travail humain? (1950), The Future of Human Labour.

Friedman
Friedman, Bruce Jay

Born April 26, 1930 in New York. An American novelist and playwright. Studied at the University of Missouri and the University of Columbia. One of the so-called black humor writers. His novels include Stern (1962), which has a timid Jewish protagonist living in the suburbs; A Mother's Kisses (64), which is a comedic portrayal of a distorted mother-son relationship; and The Dick (70), a parody of a Western movie depicting the revenge of a man whose wife has been seduced. He also wrote short story collections and plays. All of his works feature Jewish protagonists who are victims, and are characterized by their humorous and grotesque portrayals.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1912.7.31. ニューヨーク,ブルックリン
[没]2006.11.16. カリフォルニア,サンフランシスコ
アメリカ合衆国の経済学者,教育者。シカゴ大学,コロンビア大学などで学び,第2次世界大戦前はおもに政府関係機関に勤務,1946~83年シカゴ大学で教鞭をとる。中心的研究主題は貨幣分野で,1958年以来,新貨幣数量説の提唱者として知られる。リチャード・M.ニクソン大統領時代のブレーンであったこともあって,貨幣供給量をもって最大の経済政策変数とし,ジョン・メイナード・ケインズの影響下にある財政金融政策 (→ケインズ学派 ) に反対するそのマネタリズムはしだいに影響力を拡大した。経済学方法論や消費関数論,アメリカ貨幣史,自由主義経済論など研究分野は広く,思想的には新自由主義の指導者の一人で,シカゴ学派の中心的存在。諸学会の会員,役員,諸大学の名誉教授を務めた。 1976年ノーベル経済学賞受賞。主著"Essays in Positive Economics" (1953) ,『消費の経済理論』A Theory of the Consumption Function (1957) ,『資本主義と自由』 Capitalism and Freedom (1962) ,"A Monetary History of the United States,1867-1960" (1963,アンナ・シュワルツと共著) ,"The Role of Monetary Policy" (1968) ,『選択の自由』 Free to Choose (1980) ,『政府からの自由』 Bright Promises,Dismal Performance (1983) など多数。

フリードマン
Freedman, Michael Hartley

[生]1951.4.21. カリフォルニア,ロサンゼルス
アメリカ合衆国の数学者。1973年,プリンストン大学で博士号を取得。1973~75年カリフォルニア大学バークリー校で教鞭をとり,1975~76年プリンストン高等研究所 IASに赴任,1976年カリフォルニア大学サンディエゴ校の教授に就任。1986年にバークリーで開催された国際数学者会議で,4次元ポアンカレ予想の解決によりフィールズ賞を受賞。1998年にマイクロソフトの研究機関マイクロソフトリサーチの招聘を受け,アカデミズムの世界を離れた初のフィールズ賞受賞者となった。20世紀初めにアンリ・ポアンカレはコンパクトで単連結な 3次元多様体は 3次元球面と位相同形であろうという,いわゆるポアンカレ予想を提唱した。一般の次元のポアンカレ予想は,n次元多様体が n次元球面とホモトピー同値(→ホモトピー論)ならば,n次元球面と位相同形であると定式化される。1次元と 2次元についてはすでに 19世紀に,対応する結果は知られていた。n が 5以上のときの高次元ポアンカレ予想は,1960年にスティーブン・スメールによって解決された。しかし 4次元の場合には,高次元で成立する交叉理論を用いることができないという困難が生じ,フリードマンが 1983年に解決した。また,フリードマンの結果とサイモン・ドナルドソンの業績を組み合わせることで,4次元空間には通常の微分構造と異なる構造が存在するという驚くべき結果が得られた。

フリードマン
Friedman, Jerome Isaac

[生]1930.3.28. イリノイ,シカゴ
アメリカ合衆国の物理学者。1950年シカゴ大学卒業,1956年同大学で博士号を取得。1957~60年スタンフォード大学で研究,1960年マサチューセッツ工科大学 MIT助教授,1967年同大学教授。この間,スタンフォード線形加速器研究所(→SLAC国立加速器研究所)においてヘンリー・ウェイ・ケンドール,リチャード・E.テーラーとともに原子核の散乱実験に取り組む。1975年,陽子や中性子は内部に硬い点状の芯をもっており,これが 1964年に提唱されていた基本粒子クォークであるとの結論に達した。素粒子における相互作用の統一理論にとって不可欠なクォークの存在を確認した業績により,1990年ケンドール,テーラーとノーベル物理学賞を共同受賞。

フリードマン
Friedmann, Georges Philippe

[生]1902.5.13. パリ
[没]1977.11.15.
フランスの社会学者。第2次世界大戦中は対独レジスタンスに参加し,戦後も平和運動に活躍。 1946年から2年間国立工芸学校の教授をつとめ,48年以来ソルボンヌの高等研究学校 École des Hautes Études学務長,49~51年社会学研究センター会長。彼の労働社会学はより包括的に労働をとらえるために,生理的,技術的,心理的,社会的な観点から労働の現実を把捉しようとした。特に労働者の技術的環境の変化が人間疎外をもたらしていくことを強く指摘した。主著『人間労働の未来』 Où va le travail humain? (1950) 。

フリードマン
Friedman, Bruce Jay

[生]1930.4.26. ニューヨーク
アメリカの小説家,劇作家。ミズーリ,コロンビア両大学に学ぶ。いわゆるブラック・ユーモア作家の一人。郊外に住む気弱なユダヤ人を主人公にした『スターン』 Stern (1962) ,ゆがんだ母子関係を喜劇的にとらえた『母親のキス』A Mother's Kisses (64) ,妻を寝取られた男の復讐を西部劇のパロディーとして描いた『刑事 (でか) 』 The Dick (70) などの小説のほか,短編集,戯曲がある。いずれも被害者的立場のユダヤ人を主人公に,それを滑稽かつグロテスクに扱うところに特色がある。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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