Jagir - Jagir (English spelling)

Lands and fiefs in the Mughal Empire, India. The Mughal emperors granted ranks (mansabs) to members of the imperial family, from high-ranking officials to low-ranking officials, and appointed them as mansabdars. The land given to each of them as a salary commensurate with their rank was called a jagir, and the recipients were called jagirdars. They were obliged to maintain and serve in the military a number of horses and soldiers commensurate with their rank. In principle, jagirs were not fiefs or administrative units, but were merely given the right to collect land tax from the land, and administration was carried out by regular officials of the central government. Jagirs were also constantly transferred, with a maximum of three or four years of holding, which prevented recipients from becoming indigenous, but which is said to have encouraged irresponsible exploitation of peasants. As a special case, the land that was granted to the kings who submitted to and served the empire was called Watan Jagir, and was hereditary. During the decline of the empire, the tendency to make the land grant hereditary intensified, and independent states were born, but the Jagir system was imitated in these states as well as in the kingdoms within the empire. The Jagir system is a successor and development of the Iqta system of land grants in the Delhi Sultanate and Muslim countries.

[Hiroshi Nagashima]

"Land Systems and Power Structures in Indian History" edited by Toru Matsui and Toshio Yamazaki (1969, University of Tokyo Press) " "State and Society in Mughal India" by Masatetsu Sato (1982, Shunjusha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

インド、ムガル帝国の給与地、知行地。ムガル皇帝は、皇族、高官から下級官吏に至るまで帝国の禄位(ろくい)（マンサブ）を与えて禄位保持者（マンサブダール）に任じたが、彼ら各人に禄位に見合う給与として与えられた土地がジャーギールで、受給者をジャーギールダールとよぶ。彼らはそれに相応した数の兵馬の維持と従軍の義務を負った。ジャーギールは原理的には封土（フィーフ）でも行政単位でもなく、その土地からの地租の収取権が与えられたにすぎず、行政は中央政府の正規の官吏によって行われた。またジャーギールは長くて3、4年間の保持を限度としてつねに所替えがなされ、受給者の土着化を防いだが、かえって農民に対する無責任な収奪を促したとされる。なお、特殊なものとして、帝国に服属、出仕する諸王に安堵(あんど)された所領をワタン・ジャーギールとよび、これは世襲であった。帝国衰退期には給与地世襲化傾向が強まり、独立国家が生まれたが、それらにおいても、また帝国内の諸王国においても、ジャーギール制は模倣された。なお、ジャーギール制は、デリー・サルタナットやムスリム諸国の給与地制（イクター制）を継承、発展させたものである。

［長島　弘］

『松井透・山崎利男編『インド史における土地制度と権力構造』（1969・東京大学出版会）』▽『佐藤正哲著『ムガル期インドの国家と社会』（1982・春秋社）』

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