Frankfurt School (English: Frankfurterschule) German

Japanese: フランクフルト学派 - ふらんくふるとがくは(英語表記)Frankfurterschule ドイツ語
Frankfurt School (English: Frankfurterschule) German

In a broad sense, it is a general term for those based at the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, which was the base of Marxist academic research in Germany since the 1920s, but in a narrow sense, it is a general term that includes the group of thinkers who gathered at the institute under the direction of Horkheimer from the 1930s onwards, including Pollock, Adorno, Benjamin, Marcuse, Fromm, and F.L. Neumann, as well as their disciples after World War II, including Habermas and Alfred Schmidt (1931-).While they opposed the dogmatism of orthodox Marxism, they inherited in some sense the critical motivation of Marx and combined it with Freud's psychoanalysis and the empirical method of American sociology to develop a "critical theory of society" based on contemporary experience. During his period of exile in the 1930s and 1940s, he maintained an ideological resistance to Fascism through his journal, Bulletin of Social Research, and produced such outstanding collaborative research works as Authority and the Family (1938) and The Authoritarian Character (1950). He also conducted fundamental reflections on Western civilization (for example, Dialectics of Enlightenment, 1947). After the war, he offered sharp criticisms of the controlled society, popular culture, and positivist tendencies in academia.

Its distinctive feature is that, while opposing positivism, it adopted the banner of a "critical theory of society" that integrates social criticism and criticism of reason, and, based on its own Jewish utopian consciousness and dialectical interpretation that emphasizes negativity, it developed a radical critique of modern civilization as a whole, including philosophy, science, and art, while critically inheriting the results of new positive science such as those of Freud. In addition to the above-mentioned works, Adorno's Negative Dialectics (1966), Fromm's Escape from Freedom (1941), Neumann's Behemoth (1942), Marcuse's Eros and Civilization (1955) and One-Dimensional Man (1964), Benjamin's Theses on the Philosophy of History (1939), Habermas's Theory and Practice (1963) and Knowledge and Interest (1968), and Schmitt's Marx and the Concept of Nature (1962) are just some of its diverse achievements.

[Tokunaga Makoto]

"The Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism" by Tokunaga Makoto (1979, University of Tokyo Press)""The Frankfurt School" by A. Schmidt, translated by Ikumatsu Keizo (1975, Seidosha)""The Dialectical Imagination" by M. Jay, translated by Arakawa Ikuo (1975, Misuzu Shobo)""The Light and Shadow of the 1930s" by Shimizu Takichi (1977, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には、1920年代以来ドイツのマルクス主義的学術研究の拠点であったフランクフルトの社会研究所に拠(よ)った人々の総称であるが、狭義には、30年代以降ホルクハイマーの指導下に同研究所に集まったポロック、アドルノ、ベンヤミン、マルクーゼ、フロム、F・L・ノイマンたち一群の思想家に、第二次世界大戦後の彼らの弟子にあたるハバーマス、シュミットAlfred Schmidt(1931― )ら若手研究者の一団を加えた総称である。彼らは正統派マルクス主義の教条主義に反対しつつも、なんらかの意味でマルクスの批判的動機を受け継ぎ、それをフロイトの精神分析学やアメリカ社会学の経験的方法と結び付けて、現代の経験を踏まえた「社会の批判的理論」を展開した。30年代から40年代にかけての亡命中は、機関誌『社会研究紀要』によってファシズムへの思想的抵抗を貫き、また、『権威と家族』(1938)、『権威主義的性格』(1950)などの優れた共同研究を生み出すとともに、西欧文明への根本的な省察(たとえば『啓蒙(けいもう)の弁証法』1947)を行い、戦後は管理社会や大衆文化、学界における実証主義的傾向などに鋭い批判を加えた。

 その特色は、実証主義へ反対しつつ、社会批判と理性批判を統合する「社会の批判的理論」を旗印として、独自のユダヤ的ユートピア意識と、否定性を強調する弁証法解釈に基づき、フロイトをはじめとする新しい実証科学の成果を批判的に継承しつつ、哲学、科学、芸術など近代文明の全般にラディカルな批判を展開したところにある。前記の著作のほか、アドルノの『否定的弁証法』(1966)、フロムの『自由からの逃走』(1941)、ノイマンの『ビヒモス』(1942)、マルクーゼの『エロスと文明』(1955)、『一次元的人間』(1964)、ベンヤミンの『歴史哲学テーゼ』(1939)、ハバーマスの『理論と実践』(1963)、『認識と関心』(1968)、シュミットの『マルクスと自然概念』(1962)などは、その多彩な業績の一端である。

[徳永 恂]

『徳永恂著『現代批判の哲学』(1979・東京大学出版会)』『A・シュミット著、生松敬三訳『フランクフルト学派』(1975・青土社)』『M・ジェイ著、荒川幾男訳『弁証法的想像力』(1975・みすず書房)』『清水多吉著『1930年代の光と影』(1977・河出書房新社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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