Fermi degeneracy

Japanese: フェルミ縮退 - ふぇるみしゅくたい
Fermi degeneracy

This state occurs at low temperatures because fermions follow Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions with half-integer spin (1/2, 3/2, ...) can only exist once in the same quantum state (energy, spin, etc.) due to the Pauli principle (exclusion principle). Low temperatures are states in which the kinetic energy of individual particles is low. For example, at low temperatures, water becomes ice (solid), and when heat is added and the kinetic energy of each water molecule increases, it becomes water (liquid), and when more heat is added, it becomes water vapor (gas). Similarly, at low temperatures, the quantum states of fermions are packed together in order from the lowest quantum state (ground state). This state is called degenerate. When the temperature rises, fermions in the top quantum state transition to a higher quantum state. The fact that the specific heat of free electrons in a metal is smaller than classically thought is thought to be due to the degeneracy of the free electrons in the metal. In addition, because the electrons around the central core inside a star are degenerate in this way, it is thought that this degeneracy pressure contributes to nuclear fusion reactions. In the evolution of stars, a star that has contracted until the degeneracy pressure and gravity are balanced is called a degenerate star, and a star supported by the degenerate pressure of electrons is called a white dwarf, while a star supported by the degenerate pressure of neutrons is called a neutron star.

[Masashi Yamamoto]

[References] | Ground state | Free electrons | Spin | Neutron stars | Pauli principle | White dwarfs | Fermi-Dirac statistics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フェルミ粒子(フェルミオン)がフェルミ‐ディラック統計に従うために低温で生じる状態。スピンが半整数(1/2、3/2、……)であるフェルミ粒子はパウリの原理(排他律)により、同じ量子状態(エネルギーやスピンなど)には一つしか存在できない。低温という状態は個々の粒子の運動エネルギーが低い状態である。たとえば低温では、水が氷(固体)の状態になり、熱が加えられ個々の水分子の運動エネルギーが上昇すると水(液体)の状態になり、さらに熱が加わると水蒸気(気体)になる。同様に、フェルミ粒子の量子状態は、低温の場合、最低の量子状態(基底状態)から順番にぎっしり詰まった状態になる。この状態を縮退しているとよぶ。温度が上ると、いちばん上の量子状態のフェルミ粒子がもっと上の量子状態へ遷移する。金属内の自由電子比熱が、古典的に考えるより小さいことは金属内の自由電子が縮退していると考えられる。また恒星内部の中心核周辺の電子などがこのような縮退を起こしていることから縮退圧として核融合反応に寄与していると考えられている。恒星の進化で、縮退圧と重力がつり合うまで収縮した星を縮退星とよび、電子の縮退圧で支えられている星が白色矮星(わいせい)であり、中性子の縮退圧で支えられている星が中性子星である。

[山本将史]

[参照項目] | 基底状態 | 自由電子 | スピン | 中性子星 | パウリの原理 | 白色矮星 | フェルミ‐ディラック統計

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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