Kant

Japanese: カント

German philosopher. Born in Königsberg. Graduated from the university there in 1746, he worked as a private tutor, and became a professor at his alma mater in 1770, remaining single throughout his life. He overcame the two opposing positions represented by Leibniz-Wolf's metaphysical rationalism and Hume's skeptical empiricism through critical examination of human reason, and aimed to establish a critical metaphysics to replace the old dogmatic metaphysics. In his early days, he also studied Newton's mathematics and physics. In his major work, Critique of Pure Reason (First Critique, 1781), he established the a priori form of cognition and rejected metaphysics that discusses superempirical objects. Furthermore, in Critique of Practical Reason (Second Critique, 1788), he discussed the objective certainty of moral law, and acknowledged the three original ideals of metaphysics, God, freedom, and immortality, which were deemed unattainable by theoretical reason in the First Critique, as requirements of practical reason. In his third critique, Critique of Judgment (1790), he developed a teleological worldview, discussed the harmony between freedom and necessity based on the a priori principles of sensibility, and the basis of artistic beauty, attempting to systematically unify critical philosophy. His other works include Prolegomena (1783), The Metaphysical Principles of Natural Science (1786), Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason (1793), and The Metaphysics of Morals (1797). Kant's philosophy, based on philosophy from the standpoint of a "world citizen" and the reason of free and autonomous modern humans, has passed through German idealism and the Neo-Kantian school, and is still being reinterpreted in various fields today.
→ Related topics A priori | Abe Yoshinari | Law of causality | Illusion | Category | Kaliningrad | Idealism | Enlightenment | University of Königsberg | Enlightenment | Copernican Revolution | Saint-Pierre | Ego | Practical reason | Free will | Subjective/objective | Politics | Imagination | Ontology | Tanabe Hajime | Transcendentalism | Dualism | Antinomy | Aesthetics | Critical philosophy | Fichte | The thing in itself

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

ドイツの哲学者。ケーニヒスベルクの生れ。1746年同地の大学を出て家庭教師を務め，1770年母校の教授となり，独身の一生を終えた。ライプニッツ=ウォルフの形而上学的合理論と，ヒュームの懐疑的経験論とに代表される相反する二つの立場を人間理性の批判検討を通じて克服し，旧来の独断的形而上学に代わる批判的形而上学の基礎づけを意図した。初期にはニュートンの数学・物理学も学んだ。主著《純粋理性批判》（第一批判。1781年）において認識の先験的形式を確立，超経験的対象を論ずる形而上学を否定した。さらに《実践理性批判》（第二批判。1788年）において道徳律の客観的確実性を論じ，第一批判書で理論理性にとって到達不可能とされた形而上学本来の３理念，〈神〉〈自由〉〈不死〉を実践理性の要請として承認した。第三批判たる《判断力批判》（1790年）は目的論的世界観を展開，感性の先験的原理による自由と必然の調和，芸術美の根拠を論じ，批判哲学の体系的統一の試みを行った。著作はほかに，《プロレゴメナ》（1783年），《自然科学の形而上学的原理》（1786年），《たんなる理性の限界内における宗教》（1793年），《人倫の形而上学》（1797年）など。〈世界市民〉の見地からする哲学，自由で自律的な近代的人間の理性に基礎づけられたカントの思想は，ドイツ観念論，新カント学派などを経て，現代にあってもさまざまな領域で読み直しが図られている。
→関連項目ア・プリオリ｜安倍能成｜因果律｜仮象｜カテゴリー｜カリーニングラード｜観念論｜啓蒙思想｜ケーニヒスベルク大学｜悟性｜コペルニクス的転回｜サン・ピエール｜自我｜実践理性｜自由意志｜主観・客観｜政治学｜想像力｜存在論｜田辺元｜トランセンデンタリズム｜二元論｜二律背反｜美学｜批判哲学｜フィヒテ｜物自体

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