Yellow Book of Duties - Fueki Kosatsu

This is a household register from the Ming Dynasty in China that also served as a tax register. It is also called the Yellow Register because the cover of the register sent to the Household Bureau was yellow paper. In 1381, the first Ming Emperor Hongwu (Zhu Yuanzhang) ordered the compilation of Yellow Registers throughout the country. After that, they were revised approximately every 10 years in response to changes in household registrations, land, etc., but from the mid-Ming period onwards, they gradually became a formality that did not reflect the actual situation. A Yellow Register was created for each village (Ri-jia), and the village head and Jia chief were in charge of its administration. For each household, information on land, land, assets, taxes, etc. was recorded, and if the same household owned land in another village, this was also recorded in the Yellow Register. The registers created by the Village were compiled for each prefecture, prefecture, prefecture, and prefecture administrative office and sent to the Household Bureau, which compiled a national register based on the Yellow Registers collected from all over the country. The Yellow Book was a household register and was also created as a ledger for allocating land taxes and extortion, and the ownership of fields and land for each household was also confirmed through the Yellow Book. While the Yellow Book was created for the household unit, the Gyorinzusatsu was created for each plot of land.

[Tsurumi Takahiro]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、明(みん)代の戸籍台帳で租税台帳をも兼ねたもの。戸部へ送られた台帳の表紙に黄色い紙が用いられたので黄冊ともいわれる。1381年、明の初代皇帝洪武(こうぶ)帝（朱元璋(しゅげんしょう)）は黄冊の編纂(へんさん)を全国に命じた。以後、戸籍、田土などの移動に応じてほぼ10年ごとに改編されたが、明の中期以降はしだいに実状にあわない形式的なものとなった。黄冊は里甲(りこう)ごとにつくられ、里長、甲首がその事務にあたった。戸ごとに丁口(ていこう)、田土、財産、税糧などを記入し、同一の戸で他の里に田土を所有する場合にも黄冊中に記入された。里で作成された台帳は、州県、府、布政司ごとにまとめられ、戸部へ送られ、戸部では全国から集められた黄冊をもととして全国冊を作成した。黄冊は戸籍であるとともに、田賦や徭役(ようえき)を割り当てるための原簿としてつくられたものであり、各戸の田土の所有関係も黄冊を通じて確認された。黄冊が戸を単位として作成されたのに対し、魚鱗図冊(ぎょりんずさつ)は一筆ごとの土地を単位として作成された。

［鶴見尚弘］

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