Born: May 20, 1908 in Pennsylvania and Indiana
[Died] July 2, 1997. Beverly Hills, California. American film actor. Full name James Maitland Stewart. Nickname Jimmy Stewart. Known for playing shy but righteous characters. Studied architecture at Princeton University, and after graduating joined the University Players in Falmouth, Massachusetts. After several Broadway appearances, he made his film debut in The Murder Man (1935) starring Spencer Tracy. His first Academy Award nomination for Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) directed by Frank Capra determined his career. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for The Philadelphia Story (1940). In 1941, he enlisted in the Army Air Corps, and after being promoted to colonel, he was discharged in 1945. After returning to Hollywood, he was nominated again for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946), his first film. He also appeared in Alfred Hitchcock's films, producing masterpieces such as Rear Window (1954) and Vertigo (1958). He worked with director Anthony Mann on eight films, including The Glenn Miller Story (1954), which became one of his most famous works. In 1985, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor that can be given to an American citizen. Stuart
Stuart, Charles Edward; the Young Pretender Born: December 31, 1720, Rome
[Died] January 31, 1788. A Roman claimant to the throne of England. Commonly known as the Petit Pretender or the Young Pretender. Grandson of King James II, son of J. F. E. Stuart, the Great Pretender. Grew up in Rome, but when England and France went to war in the War of Austrian Succession, he went to Paris in 1743 and attempted to invade England to retake the throne with French military assistance, but was prevented from doing so by a storm. After that, he contacted LG Murray to re-plan his plan, and in 1745, he set sail from Nantes with the French army. On the way, the French fleet was repelled by the British fleet, so he landed in Scotland with only seven attendants, starting the "Forty-five Years' Rebellion," which temporarily upset the British government, but after losing the Battle of Culloden, he fled for five months and returned to France. He subsequently sought aid from Spain and other countries, but was unsuccessful, and in 1848 was expelled from France as part of the Treaty of Aix-en-Provence. He spent the latter part of his life in Florence and Rome. Stuart
Stuart, James Francis Edward; the Old Pretender Born: June 10, 1688, London
[Died] January 2, 1766. A Roman British claimant to the throne. Commonly known as the Great Pretender or the Old Pretender. Son of James II and Queen Mary, he was a false prince, which led to the Glorious Revolution. During the revolution, he was sent to France, where he was raised as a Catholic by his parents. After his father's death in 1701, Louis XIV proclaimed him King James III of England. In 1708, he set sail from France to raise an army to claim the throne, but missed the opportunity to land and was unsuccessful. During the War of Spanish Succession, he served in the French army, taking part in the Battles of Oudenarde and Malplaquet. He attempted to regain the throne during the Fifteen Years' Rebellion, but failed. In 1719, he married Maria Clementina, granddaughter of the Polish king Jan Sobiecki, and had a son (the Little Pretender) the following year, but was divorced in 1724. He lived in Avignon and Madrid during the latter part of his life, but spent most of his time in Rome. Stuart
Stuart, James Denham Born: 21 October 1712, Edinburgh
[Died] November 20, 1780. Edinburgh Scottish economist. He studied law at the University of Edinburgh and became a lawyer. He studied in Europe from 1735 to 1740, but after returning to England he was implicated in the Jacobite Rebellion (1745-46) and spent a long period in exile in Paris and elsewhere. He returned to England in 1763 and was pardoned for treason in 1771. During this time he wrote his major work, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy (2 volumes, 67), the first British book to bear the term "political economy" in its title. This was an attempt to synthesize the mercantilist policy system at the final stage of mercantilism, and is particularly regarded as a step forward in theory from the mercantilist point of view in that it was systematized from the perspective of effective demand. Stuart
Stewart, Balfour [Born] 1828
[Died] 1887
British physicist and meteorologist. After serving as an assistant at the University of Edinburgh, he became director of the Observatory, Kew (1859-71). After working at the Meteorological Observatory for a time, he became professor of natural philosophy at Owens College, Manchester (70). He was a member of the Royal Society (62). He founded the Society for Psychical Research and served as its president (85-87). He was president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (87). He proposed the law of radiation of polarized light (60), studied sunspots, and suggested that fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field were caused by electric charge flows in the upper atmosphere (60), which paved the way for later research into the ionosphere. He was awarded the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society for his work on thermal radiation, which laid the foundation for the development of spectroscopic analysis. He is the author of The Unseen Universe (75), co-authored with P. Tate. Stuart
Stewart, Dugald Born: November 22, 1753, Edinburgh
[Died] June 11, 1828. Edinburgh. British philosopher. Belonged to the Scottish School (→ common sense philosophy). Professor at the University of Edinburgh from 1772 to 1785, and professor of moral philosophy at the same university from 1785 to 1820. He first studied under Ferguson at the University of Edinburgh, and later studied under T. Reid at the University of Glasgow, and followed his theories. His main work is Elements of the philosophy of the Human Mind (3 volumes, 1792-1827). There is also a complete collection edited by W. Hamilton (11 volumes, 54-60). Stuart
Stuart, Gilbert (Charles) Born: December 3, 1755, North Kingston
[Died] July 9, 1828. Boston. American portrait painter. He studied painting under S. King and C. Alexander from a young age. In 1775 he went to London and studied under the American painter B. West. In 1782 he opened a successful studio there. In 1793 he returned to New York, and the following year he lived in Philadelphia, where he became a leading portrait painter of the time, painting famous people. He is said to have painted about 1,000 portraits in his lifetime, but his most famous work is the Unfinished Portrait of G. Washington (1796) in Boston. Stuart
Stuart, James Ewell Brown Born: February 6, 1833. Virginia, Patrick
Died May 12, 1864, Yellow Tavern, Virginia. A soldier during the American Civil War. In 1861, he left the Union Army and joined the Confederate Army. He fought in the First and Second Battles of Bull Run, the Seven Days Battle in 1862, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, among others, and was promoted to major general. On May 11, 1864, he led the invasion of Pennsylvania, but was seriously wounded during the battle and died the next day. Stuart
Stewart, Charles Born: July 28, 1778, Philadelphia
Died November 6, 1869. Born in New Jersey. American naval officer. Joined the navy in 1798, and participated in operations against France in the Caribbean in 1800. In 1812, during the War of 1812, he gained fame for commanding the new American frigate "Constitution," and in 1815, he captured the British warships "Cain" and "Levan." Stuart
Stewart, Robert Michael Maitland Born: 6 November 1906, Bromley, Kent
[Died] March 10, 1990, London. British politician and author. Graduated from Oxford University. In 1945, he was a Labour Party member of the House of Commons. He served as Under Secretary of State for War from 1947 to 1951, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Supply in 1951, Secretary of State for Education and Science from 1964 to 1970, Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (for two terms). His main work was Modern Forms of Government (1959). Stuart
Stuart, John McDouall [Born] 1815
[Died] 1866
Scottish explorer. He participated as a cartographer in C. Sturt's Australian Expedition (1844-46). He made six expeditions between 1858 and 1862, reaching the center of the continent in 1860. In his final expedition in 1862, he became the first man to traverse the continent from south to north. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
