Juárez, Benito (Pablo)

Japanese: フアレス（英語表記）Juárez， Benito (Pablo)

Born: March 21, 1806, Geratao, Oaxaca
Died: July 18, 1872, Mexico City. A politician who built the foundations for the modernization of Mexico. He promoted the Reformation and is honored as the "Father of Reformation." He was of poor indigenous Zapotec origin. He entered the Oaxaca Normal School in 1829, and served as a state assemblyman in 1832, a lawyer in 1834, a civil court judge in 1842, and governor of Oaxaca in 1847. In 1853, he was dismissed from his position as governor and imprisoned for rebelling against A. Santa Anna. He was exiled shortly thereafter and fled to New Orleans. In 1854, he participated in the liberal Ayutla Revolution, and became Secretary of Justice under the revolutionary government of J. Alvarez after the ouster of Santa Anna. He enacted the "Juarez Law," which included provisions such as abolishing judicial privileges for clergy and military personnel, marking the first step in the reform movement. He was reappointed Governor of Oaxaca in 1855, and in 1857 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Secretary of the Interior. With the outbreak of civil war in 1958, he was appointed president to succeed I. Comfort, and in 1959 issued a law to confiscate church property, defeating the reactionary church forces that were an obstacle to modernization. He was officially elected president in 1961, but the promotion of reforms led to a financial crisis for the nation, leading to a two-year suspension of foreign debt payments, which led to armed intervention by France, Great Britain, and Spain, who were dissatisfied with the suspension. In 1963, Mexico City was occupied by French troops, and Maximilian became emperor. Juarez, who retreated to the north, continued to resist, and defeated them in the Battle of Queretaro, and was re-elected president in 1967. He was also re-elected in the 1971 election, beating P. Diaz.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1806.3.21. オアハカ，ゲラタオ
[没]1872.7.18. メキシコシティー
メキシコ近代化の基礎を築いた政治家。レフォルマを推進し「改革の父」と敬称される。貧しい先住民 (インディオ) のサポテカ族の出身。 1829年オアハカ師範学校に入学，32年州議会議員，34年弁護士，42年民事裁判所判事を経て，47年オアハカ州知事。 53年 A.サンタ・アナに反抗したかどで知事を解任され，投獄。その後まもなく追放され，ニューオーリンズに逃れた。 54年自由主義者のアユトラ革命に参加，サンタ・アナ駆逐後の J.アルバレス革命政権のもとで司法長官となり，聖職者や軍人の裁判上の特権を廃止するなどの内容を盛込んだ「フアレス法」を制定し，改革運動の第1歩を踏出した。 55年オアハカ州知事に再任，57年には最高裁判所長官と内務長官に就任。 58年国内戦の勃発に伴い I.コモンフォルトの後継大統領に任命され，59年に教会財産没収法を発令して近代化の障害となっていた反動的教会勢力を打倒した。 61年正式に大統領に選ばれたが，改革推進による国家財政窮乏により外債支払いを2年間停止したため，これを不満とするフランス，イギリス，スペインの武力干渉を受け，63年にはメキシコシティーがフランス軍に占領されてマクシミリアンが帝位についた。北部に撤退したフアレスは抵抗を続け，ケレタロの戦いでこれを破り，67年大統領に再選。 71年の選挙でも P.ディアスを押えて再選された。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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