A natural science that studies the characteristics, origins, and development of the earth's surface relief. The English word geomorphology comes from the Greek words geo (earth), morphe (form), and logos (discourse), and means a discourse on the form of the earth's surface. Topography is a component of a region and is considered an important environmental factor in human activity, and in Europe geomorphology developed as a branch of geography. Topography often reflects rock type and geological structure, and in the study of the geological history of the Quaternary Period, which was a short period of about 2 million years and saw significant climatic changes, the development of terrace topography is a more useful source of information than fossils of slowly evolving organisms or geological events whose changes are difficult to recognize as minor events. In the United States, geomorphology developed as a branch of geology. [Shingo Juen] History of GeomorphologyGeomorphology developed in the second half of the 19th century, when the British scientist Lyell established the theory of uniformitarianism (theory of uniform processes), which states that "the present is the key to the past." In the United States, JW Powell and GK Gilbert contributed to the development of geomorphology, while Davis proposed the concept of erosion cycles and systematically explained the development of geomorphology using the concept of stages, that is, the developmental stages of landforms. In Germany, following Humboldt, Ritter, and Richthofen, A. Penck appeared, and his book Morphology of the Earth's Surface (2 volumes, published in 1894) discussed geomorphology from the viewpoint of geomorphogenesis. He also wrote The Alps in the Glacial Age (3 volumes, published from 1901 to 1909) together with the geographer and climatologist Brückner, in which he recognized four glacial periods in the Pleistocene (Pleistocene) of the Cenozoic era. W. Penck, son of A. Penck, wrote "Analysis of Landforms" (published in 1920) on the subject of understanding the nature of crustal movement, and contributed especially to the development of slope landform research. In France, Martonne, while influenced by Davis's geomorphology, established a geomorphology that emphasized geomorphological processes (the actions and processes that change the landform), paving the way for the development of géomorphologie dynamique (French) and climatic geomorphology. Modern geomorphology, which has inherited these historical achievements, is currently conducting research on the following topics: (1) developmental history research, which considers the development of landforms in geological chronology; (2) energetic research, which measures and experiments are used to study landform processes in rivers, coasts, slopes, etc., in order to quantitatively grasp the scale and speed of landform change; (3) applied geomorphology, which builds on the results of (2) above, to plan measures to prevent landform disasters and land development; and (4) theoretical geomorphology, which seeks to clarify landforms statistically or theoretically. It is expected that this will lead to further developments in climatic geomorphology and dynamic geomorphology. [Shingo Juen] "Introduction to Geomorphology" by A.L. Bloom, translated by Isamu Kayane (1970, Kyoritsu Shuppan)" ▽ "Geography" by F. Machacek, supervised translation by Shinichiro Matsuo (1975, Gihodo Shuppan)" ▽ "Geography I and II" by H. Wilhelmy, translated by Takeo Tanioka and Yoshinori Kitano (1978, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "Climatic Geomorphology" by H. Wilhelmy, translated by Takeo Tanioka and Yoshinori Kitano (1979, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "Geography" by Sada Machida (1984, Daimeido)" [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地表の起伏形態を対象とし、その特徴、成因、発達過程などを研究する自然科学。英語のgeomorphologyは、geo(earth=土地)、morphe(form=形態)、logos(discourse=論述)のギリシア語に由来し、地表の形態に関する論説を意味する。地形は地域の構成要素であり、人間活動の環境要素の一つとして重視され、ヨーロッパでは地形学は地理学の一部門として発達した。地形は岩質や地質構造を反映することが多く、また、約200万年の短時期で、気候変化の著しかった第四紀の地史の研究には、進化の遅い生物の化石や、小事変では変化が認知しがたい地質事象よりも、段丘地形の発達が有力な資料となる。アメリカ合衆国では地形学は地質学の一部門とみなされて発達した。 [壽圓晋吾] 地形学の歴史地形学が発達したのは、イギリスのライエルが「現在は過去の鍵(かぎ)である」とする斉一説(せいいつせつ)(同一過程説)を確立した19世紀後半以降である。アメリカではパウエルJ. W. PowellやギルバートG. K. Gilbertなどが地形学の発達に貢献し、デービスは侵食輪廻(りんね)を提唱して地形学の発達を階梯(かいてい)、すなわち地形の発達段階の概念で系統的に説明した。ドイツではフンボルト、リッター、リヒトホーフェンに次いでA・ペンクが現れ、彼が著した『地表の形態学』(全2巻、1894刊)は地形学を地形発生論的見地から論じるものであった。また、地理学者・気候学者であったブリュックナーとともに『氷期時代のアルプス』(全3巻、1901~1909刊)を著して、新生代更新世(洪積世)に四氷期を認めた。A・ペンクの子であるW・ペンクは、地殻運動の性質を、知ることを主題とする『地形分析』(1920刊)を著し、とくに斜面地形研究の発達に寄与した。フランスではマルトンヌがデービス地形学の影響を受けながらも、地形プロセス(地形を改変する諸作用とその過程)を重視する地形学を打ち立て、動地形学géomorphologie dynamique(フランス語)や気候地形学の発達への道を開いた。 これら歴史的な成果を引き継いだ現在の地形学では、(1)地史的な時代順に地形の発達を考察する発達史的研究、(2)河川・海岸・斜面などでみる地形プロセスを計測的・実験的に研究し、地形変化の規模や速さを定量的に把握しようとする営力的研究、(3)前記(2)の成果のうえに地形災害の防止対策や土地開発を計画する応用地形学の研究、(4)地形を統計的あるいは理論的に究明しようとする理論地形学の研究、などが行われ、気候地形学や動地形学のいっそうの発展が期待されている。 [壽圓晋吾] 『A・L・ブルーム著、榧根勇訳『地形学入門』(1970・共立出版)』▽『F・マハチェック著、松尾新一郎監訳『地形学』(1975・技報堂出版)』▽『H・ウィルヘルミー著、谷岡武雄・北野善憲訳『地形学Ⅰ・Ⅱ』(1978・地人書館)』▽『H・ウィルヘルミー著、谷岡武雄・北野善憲訳『気候地形学』(1979・地人書館)』▽『町田貞著『地形学』(1984・大明堂)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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