Hovercraft - Hovercraft (English spelling)

Japanese: ホバークラフト - ほばーくらふと(英語表記)Hovercraft
Hovercraft - Hovercraft (English spelling)

A ship that supports its weight by blowing compressed air strongly onto the water surface from the underside of the hull to create an air cushion, and travels just above the water line. It is also called an air cushion ship. In the United States, it is called a ground effect machine, abbreviated to GEM, as it uses the effect of compressed air on the ground or water surface. In Europe, it is called an air cushion vehicle, abbreviated to ACV. In general, the name hovercraft, the product name of British Hovercraft, which first developed it in the UK, is used as the name of the type of ship.

Even if air is blown from the bottom of a normal ship toward the sea surface, the effect of lifting the ship is small. Therefore, a skirt made of rubber or other materials is hung from the hull to the water surface to make it difficult for the blown compressed air to escape, and the ship is lifted. There are two types of ship: one in which compressed air flows out from the entire lower edge of the skirt, and one in which the sides of the air chamber are made of hard material and the air flows out from the front and rear. The former is generally called a hovercraft, and is amphibious and can land directly on sandy beaches or slopes. The latter is called an SES (surface effect ship), and by adjusting the pressure in the air chamber, it is possible to control the ship's running attitude and improve its ability to handle waves. When the ship is lifted, the running resistance is much smaller than that of a normal ship, so it is relatively easy to achieve high speeds.

The principle of the hovercraft originated in the early 1950s, when British pilot Cockerell conducted experiments using a coffee can and a hair dryer, hoping to reduce resistance by letting air flow between the bottom of the ship and the seawater. In 1959, Westland, the predecessor to Hovercraft, completed the world's first prototype boat, the SRN1, which successfully crossed the English Channel. In 1968, the SRN4, which could carry 254 passengers, entered service in the English Channel at a cruising speed of 70 knots. In Japan, Mitsui Shipbuilding introduced technology from the UK, and in 1970 (Showa 45), completed the MV-PP5, which could carry 50 passengers, and entered service on the route between Oita Airport and Oita-Beppu, and in 1972 on the Japanese National Railways' Utaka route. Also in 1972, the MV-PP15, which could carry 150 passengers, was built. At the time, hovercraft were seen as promising passenger vessels taking advantage of their high speed and amphibious capabilities, but nowadays, they seem unable to compete with conventional high-speed passenger vessels, semi-submersible catamarans, and waterjet-propelled hydrofoils, not to mention manufacturing costs, in terms of maintenance costs and manpower.

[Morita Tomoharu]

[Reference item] | Injection propulsion ship
Principle of Hovercraft Levitation
©Shogakukan ">

Principle of Hovercraft Levitation


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

船体の下面から圧縮空気を水面に強く吹き付けてエアクッションをつくり、これで重量を支え、水面すれすれの高さで航走する船。エアクッション船ともよばれる。アメリカでは、地面または水面に対する圧縮空気の効果を利用するという意味でground effect machineといい、GEMと略称される。ヨーロッパではair cushion vehicleといいACVと略称される。一般には、イギリスで最初の開発を行ったブリティッシュ・ホバークラフト社の商品名であるホバークラフトが船の種類名のように使用されている。

 通常の船の底部から海面に向けて空気を吹き付けても船体浮上効果は小さい。そこで、船体の周囲からゴムなどでできたスカートを水面まで垂らして、吹き付けた圧縮空気を逃げにくくして船体を浮上させる。このようにスカート下縁の全周から圧縮空気が流出する型式と、空気室の側面は硬い材料の側壁として空気は前方と後方から流出する型式とがある。一般には前者をホバークラフトといい、水陸両用で砂浜あるいは斜面へそのまま着陸できる。後者はSES(surface effect ship)とよばれ、空気室の圧力を調整することによって航走姿勢を制御し凌波(りょうは)性を向上することができる。船体が浮上したときの航走抵抗は通常の船より格段に小さいから比較的容易に高速が得られる。

 ホバークラフトの原理は、1950年代の初め、イギリスのコッカレルが、空気を船底と海水の間に流して抵抗を小さくしようと考えて、コーヒー缶とヘアドライヤーで行った実験に端を発している。1959年、ホバークラフト社の前身のウェストランド社は世界で最初の試作艇SRN1型を完成し、ドーバー海峡の横断に成功した。その後、68年には旅客数254人のSRN4型が巡航速力70ノットでドーバー海峡に就航している。日本では三井造船がイギリスから技術を導入し、70年(昭和45)には旅客数50人のMV‐PP5型を完成し大分空港と大分―別府(べっぷ)間の航路に、72年には国鉄の宇高航路に就航した。また、72年には旅客数150人のMV‐PP15型がつくられた。この当時ホバークラフトは高速性、水陸両用性を生かした旅客船として有望視されたが、現在は、製造価格はもちろん、保守整備のための費用と人手の面で、在来の高速艇型旅客船、半没水型双胴船、ウォータージェット推進の水中翼船などと競合できないでいるようである。

[森田知治]

[参照項目] | 噴射推進船
ホバークラフトの浮上原理
©Shogakukan">

ホバークラフトの浮上原理


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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