A political change accompanied by civil war that occurred in England in the middle of the 17th century (1640-60). It is also called the Puritan Revolution. In Japan, some consider the period of the revolution to be 1642-49, or 1642-60. However, considering that many of the results of the revolution were achieved in 1640-41, and that political change continued even after the end of the civil war in 1649, it is appropriate to consider the period of the revolution to be from the start of the Long Parliament to the Restoration of the monarchy. [Toru Koizumi] CauseThe causes of the Revolution were complex, but the immediate cause was the growing dissatisfaction of many classes of people with the authoritarian politics of Laud, Strafford and others under the personal rule of Charles I in the 1630s. In particular, the imposition of taxes without the consent of Parliament, such as ship tax, and the oppression of political prisoners through the Star Chamber and the Court of Religion, angered the people. However, underlying these issues lay fundamental issues, such as who should bear the ever-increasing administrative costs and who should have the final say in religious matters, and these issues had already become points of contention in the 1620s. The debates in Parliament that began in 1621 and culminated in the Petition of Right in 1628 demonstrate this. By the way, about 100 years earlier, Henry VIII (reigned 1509-47) had faced a similar financial problem, and with the support of Parliament, which was mainly made up of small and medium-sized landowners, he carried out the Reformation and seized the property of the monasteries, which solved the problem, if only temporarily. However, all the Tudor monarchs, including Elizabeth I, had neglected to take fundamental measures to address this problem, so in the 17th century, the Stuart monarchs were forced to solve the problem. They tried to restore finances by using the king's feudal rights as a shield, but in the end, it was the small and medium-sized landowning gentry, who had risen to power by acquiring the property of the monasteries as a result of the Reformation, who ended up bearing the burden. Therefore, in the end, the Stuart kings undermined the greatest support base for the monarchy, and it can be said that the defection of the gentry was the death blow to the Stuart dynasty. [Toru Koizumi] ProgressThe direct trigger of the revolution was when Charles I forced Scotland to adopt the Church of England's prayer book and ceremonies in 1637. At that time, Scotland's state religion was Presbyterianism, a sect of the Puritans, so Scotland rebelled against this and began preparing for war with England. The king tried to personally lead his troops in Scotland, but failed and withdrew without fighting. However, he had to convene a parliament to cover the costs of the war, and in April 1640, he convened a parliament for the first time in 11 years. However, this parliament was only concerned with criticizing the king's policies, so it was dissolved after three weeks and became known as the "Short Parliament." Meanwhile, Scotland, which had prepared for war, invaded northern England, and the king made peace by promising to pay indemnity, and was forced to convene a parliament again in November of the same year to obtain the financial resources. This parliament, known as the "Long Parliament," immediately began reforms, enacting a series of reform laws, including the Three Years Parliament Act, the Act Against Taxation Without Parliamentary Consent, and the Act to Abolish the Star Chamber and the High Congregation. These reforms were unanimously approved as restoring the sacred and inviolable rights that the English people had had since ancient times, but in the autumn of 1641, when news of a Catholic rebellion in Ireland spread, the reformers in parliament submitted the "Great Commission" to parliament, which listed the King's misrule, in order to promote further reforms. However, the conservatives opposed this, and in November 1641, parliament split into royalists and parliamentarians. Seeing this, the King entered parliament in January of the following year and attempted to arrest Pym and other parliamentarian leaders, but failed, and left London to begin preparations for war. Thus, fighting began between the two factions in August of the same year. The fighting was chaotic and fought within each county, and although the Royalists had the advantage at first, the better-trained Parliamentarians gradually made a comeback, and in 1645, thanks to the efforts of Cromwell's New Model Army, the Parliamentarians won a decisive victory at Naseby. However, within the victorious Parliamentarians, a conflict arose over the direction of reform. This conflict was between the mainstream of Parliament, the Presbyterians, who wanted reconciliation with the King, and the Independents, who, backed by the power of the military, advocated a fight to the death. However, as the two factions engaged in conflict and negotiation, the Royalists rebelled, leading to the Second Civil War (1648). The Independents allied with the far-left Levellers, defeated the Royalists, and took control of politics. They then used force to expel the Presbyterians from Parliament (the expulsion of Pride, December 1648), executed the King (January 1649), and further oppressed the Levellers. However, the republic that was established in this way did not have a strong support base, and on the one hand it was abandoned by the powerful gentry, and on the other hand it was unable to resist the pressure of the military, and it was limited to self-preservation. For this reason, Cromwell, the leader of the independence movement, forcibly dissolved Parliament in April 1653 and convened a new Parliament by appointment in an attempt to establish rule by "saints." Cromwell himself assumed the position of "Lord Protector" to govern according to the "Charts of Government" prepared by the military brass. He then divided the country into first eleven, and later twelve, military districts, each of which he appointed a military governor to oversee local administration. However, this rule had no support base at all, and many of the military governors were low-ranking people, so local administration became paralyzed. In this power vacuum, a de facto reconciliation between the Royalists and Parliamentarians progressed, and calls for the restoration of the monarchy grew. With the death of Cromwell in 1658, the survival of the Republic became hopeless, and in 1660, General Monck, commander-in-chief of the Scottish and English armies, made the necessary arrangements to bring Charles I's son, Charles II, to the throne, thus bringing an end to the Puritan Revolution. [Toru Koizumi] resultAlthough the Restoration marked the end of the Republic, the Puritan Revolution was not a complete failure. Many of the reform laws passed in the early days of the Long Parliament were accepted and established in the English constitution. The principle of tolerance in religious matters was also accepted and gradually became established in English society. Furthermore, most of the land that had been confiscated from royalists and handed over to third parties during the Revolution remained in the hands of those third parties. There are various interpretations of the overall picture of the Puritan Revolution today. In the minds of those who actually fought at the time, it was a righteous battle of the Puritans to stop Catholic reaction. However, the main issue of the revolution was not limited to religious issues. 19th century historiography, represented by the Whig view of history, considered this revolution to be one in which Parliament, which resisted the tyranny of the King, finally defended its own rights and established the foundations of glorious British parliamentary politics. However, throughout the entire period of the revolution, Parliament only held the initiative for a short time. There is also a view that this revolution was a citizen revolution in which the emerging bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal forces. However, it is difficult to distinguish who was the bourgeoisie and who was the feudal force in the world of the 17th century. There is also a view that this revolution was one phenomenon of the series of civil wars that appeared throughout Europe in the mid-17th century, the "crisis of the Renaissance nation." However, this explanation alone does not explain why the "crisis" took such a course only in England. Despite these diverse interpretations, there are a few points that are agreed upon. That is, as a result of the abolition of the King's feudal rights and the institutions that accompanied them, exclusive ownership was established in practice in England, and while it cannot be said that it promoted the development of capitalism in the agricultural sector, it removed the factors that hindered it. The ones who benefited from this were the landowning class, centered around the gentry, and they were the very backbone of modern English society. Therefore, it can be said that the Puritan Revolution ultimately formed one of the starting points of modern English society. (Book version, 1988) "Masao Hamabayashi, "Expanded Edition: The History of the British Civil Revolution" (1971, Miraisha)" ▽ "Hiroshi Imai, "The Political Process of the British Revolution" (1984, Miraisha)" ▽ "R.C. Richardson, "The History of the British Revolutionary Debate" (translated by Hiroshi Imai, 1979, Tosui Shobo)" [Supplementary Material] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
17世紀のなかば、イギリスに起きた内乱を伴う政治変革(1640~60)。清教徒革命ともいう。なお、わが国では、革命の期間を1642~49年、あるいは、1642~60年とする見方もある。しかし、革命の成果の多くが1640~41年に達成されたこと、1649年の内乱終了後も政治変革が続行されたことを考えるならば、長期議会の開始から王政復古までを革命の期間とみるのが妥当である。 [小泉 徹] 原因革命の原因は複合的なものであったが、直接的には、1630年代のチャールズ1世親政下でのロード、ストラッフォードらによる強権的な政治に国民各層の不満が高まったことにある。ことに船舶税など議会の同意を経ない課税の強行、星室庁および高等宗務官裁判所を通じての政治犯の弾圧などが人々の憤激を買った。しかしその背後には、ますます増大する行政費用をだれが負担するか、また宗教上の問題において最終的決定権をもつのはだれか、といった基本的な問題が横たわっており、それらの問題はすでに1620年代に争点になっていたのである。1621年に始まり1628年の「権利請願」に至る議会における論争がそれを示している。 ところで、それよりも100年ほど前、ヘンリー8世(在位1509~47)は同様の財政問題に突き当たり、中小地主を中心とする議会の支持を背景として、宗教改革を実行し、修道院の財産を奪って、一時的にせよこの問題を解決していた。しかしその後、チューダー朝の君主は、エリザベス1世も含めてみなこの問題の根本的な対策を怠っていたため、17世紀になると、スチュアート朝の君主は問題の解決を迫られた。彼らは国王の封建的諸権利を盾に財政の立て直しを図ったが、結局その負担を背負うことになったのは、宗教改革の結果、修道院の財産を手に入れて上昇してきた中小地主層ジェントリであった。したがって結果としてみれば、スチュアート朝の国王は王政の最大の支持基盤を自ら掘り崩すことになり、このジェントリの離反こそが、スチュアート朝の命取りになったということができよう。 [小泉 徹] 経過革命の直接的きっかけは、1637年、チャールズ1世がスコットランドに国教会の祈祷(きとう)書と儀式を押し付けたことにある。スコットランドは当時ピューリタンの一派である長老教会主義を国教としていたためこれに反発し、イングランドとの戦争の準備を始めた。これに対して国王は自ら兵を率いて乗り込もうとしたが失敗し、戦わずして兵を引き揚げた。しかし戦費を補うために議会を開かねばならず、1640年4月、11年ぶりで議会が招集された。ところがこの議会は国王の政策を非難することに終始したため3週間で解散され、「短期議会」とよばれるようになる。その間、戦争準備を整えたスコットランドがイングランド北部に侵入、国王は賠償金の支払いを約束して和平を結び、その財源を得るべく同年11月には、ふたたび議会を招集せざるをえなくなった。「長期議会」とよばれるこの議会はただちに改革に着手し、3年議会法、議会の同意に基づかない課税に反対する法、星室庁および高等宗務官裁判所の廃止法など一連の改革立法を行った。これらの改革は、イギリス人が古来から有してきた神聖不可侵の権利を回復するものとして全会一致で決定されたが、1641年秋、アイルランドでのカトリック教徒の反乱が伝えられると、議会内改革派はよりいっそうの改革を推進するために、国王の悪政を列挙した「大諫議書(かんぎしょ)」を議会に提出した。しかし保守派がこれに反対したため、1641年11月、議会は王党派と議会派に分裂する。これをみた国王は翌年1月、議会に乗り込んでピムら議会派指導者を逮捕しようとしたが失敗し、ロンドンを離れて戦争の準備にとりかかった。こうして同年8月、両派の間で戦闘が開始される。戦闘は各州内部で入り乱れて戦われ、初期は王党派が有利であったが、しだいに訓練を積んだ議会派が巻き返し、1645年、クロムウェルの率いる「新型軍」New Model Armyの活躍によって、議会派はネーズビーNasebyで決定的勝利を収めた。 しかし勝利を得た議会派内部で、改革の方向をめぐって対立が生じた。国王との和解を望む議会の主流派すなわち長老派と、軍隊の力を背景に徹底抗戦を主張する独立派との対立である。ところが両派の対立、駆け引きのうちに、王党派が反乱を起こし、第二次内乱となった(1648)ため、独立派は最左翼のレベラーズと結んで王党派を破り、政治の主導権を握った。そして実力をもって長老派議員を議会から追放し(プライドの追放、1648年12月)、国王を処刑(1649年1月)して、さらにレベラーズをも弾圧した。しかしこのようにして成立した共和政は強力な支持基盤をもたず、一方で有力ジェントリから見放され、他方で軍隊の圧力に抗しきれず、自己保身に終始した。 このため独立派の指導者クロムウェルは、1653年4月、実力で議会を解散し、指名制の議会を招集して「聖者」による支配を行おうと試みる。クロムウェル自身は、軍幹部の用意した「統治章典」によって統治すべく「護国卿(きょう)」の地位についた。そして全国を最初11、のちに12の軍管区に分けて、それぞれに軍政官を置いて地方行政を担当させた。しかし、この支配はまったく支持基盤を欠いており、そのうえ軍政官には身分の低い者が多かったので、地方行政は麻痺(まひ)状態に陥った。この権力の空白状態のなかで王党派と議会派との事実上の和解が進行し、王政復古を望む声が高まってくる。1658年クロムウェルが死去すると共和政の存続は絶望的になり、1660年、スコットランド軍およびイングランド軍総司令官モンクが準備を整えて、チャールズ1世の子、チャールズ2世を王位に迎え、ここにピューリタン革命は終息した。 [小泉 徹] 結果王政復古の結果、共和政は終わりを告げたが、ピューリタン革命がすべて失敗に帰したわけではない。長期議会の初期に可決された改革立法の多くがそのまま認められ、イギリスの国制のなかに定着したからである。また宗教問題においても寛容の原則が認められ、しだいにイギリス社会に定着してゆく。また革命中に王党派から没収されて第三者の手に渡った土地も、ほとんどそのまま第三者のもとに残された。 ピューリタン革命の全体像については今日さまざまな解釈がある。当時実際に戦った人々の意識のうえでは、それはカトリック反動を阻止するピューリタンの正義の戦いであった。しかし革命の主要な課題は宗教問題にとどまらなかった。ホイッグ史観に代表される19世紀の歴史学は、この革命を、国王の圧政に抵抗した議会が、ついに自らの権利を守り、輝かしいイギリス議会政治の基礎を固めたものと考えた。しかし革命の全期間を通じて、議会が主導権を握っていたのはわずかな時間にすぎない。また、この革命は新興の市民階級が封建的諸勢力を打倒した市民革命であるという見方もある。しかしだれが市民階級でだれが封建的勢力なのか、17世紀の世界のなかでそれを区別するのは困難である。またこの革命は17世紀中葉にヨーロッパ全域に現れた一連の内乱、「ルネサンス国家の危機」の一現象であるとする見解もある。しかしこの説明だけでは、なぜイギリスにおいてだけ「危機」がこのような経過をたどったのかは説明できない。 このように多様な解釈のなかにあっても、いくつかの点は一致して認められている。すなわち、国王の封建的諸権利とそれに伴う機構が廃止された結果、イギリスでは事実上排他的所有権が確立し、農業の分野における資本主義の発展を、促進したとはいえないまでも、それを阻止する要因が除去されたということである。そして、その恩恵を被ったのがジェントリを中心とする土地所有者階層で、彼らこそが近代イギリス社会の担い手となったということである。したがってピューリタン革命は、結果として近代イギリス社会の一つの起点を形づくったということができるであろう。(書籍版 1988年) 『浜林正夫著『増補版イギリス市民革命史』(1971・未来社)』▽『今井宏著『イギリス革命の政治過程』(1984・未来社)』▽『R・C・リチャードソン著、今井宏訳『イギリス革命論争史』(1979・刀水書房)』 [補完資料] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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