A box designed to house meteorological observation equipment, protect it from wind and rain, and shield it from solar radiation and radiation, allowing it to measure the inherent meteorological characteristics of the atmosphere. The instruments it houses are mainly ventilated psychrometric instruments, maximum and minimum thermometers, and automatic thermometers and hygrometers. It is made of wood, with shutters on the sides and windows, and is completely painted white, allowing outside air to enter and exit from the sides and bottom except for the roof. It is installed in a well-ventilated, unshaded outdoor area, with the bottom about 1m above ground and the sensing part of the measuring instruments about 1.5m above ground. The windows face due north so that the interior is not exposed to direct sunlight when opened. The Japan Meteorological Agency used Stephenson-type Stevenson screens in the Meiji era, and the domestically produced Central Meteorological Observatory Type 1 (later the Japan Meteorological Agency Type 1) from the Taisho era to around 1970. In the 1980s, the Japan Meteorological Agency Type 3, which took ventilation into special consideration, was produced, and up to Type 6 was produced. The Japan Meteorological Agency stopped using Stevenson screens in 1993 due to the shift to remote measurement instruments, but they are still used by schools, local governments, etc. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
気象観測機器を収納して風雨などから保護し,日射や放射から遮蔽し,大気本来の気象特性を測定できるように工夫された箱。収納する測器はおもに,通風乾湿計,最高温度計,最低温度計,自記温度計や自記湿度計である。木製で側面や窓は鎧戸にして全面を白いペンキで塗装してあり,外気は屋根以外の側面,底面から出入りできるようになっている。風通しがよく日陰にならない露場に,底が地上 1m程度,測器の感部が地上 1.5m程度になるように設置する。窓は,開いたときに内部に直射日光があたらないよう真北に向ける。気象庁は,明治時代にはスチーブンソン型百葉箱,大正時代から 1970年頃までは国産の中央気象台1号型(のちに気象庁1号型)を使用していた。1980年代には,通風に特に配慮した気象庁3号型が製作され,6号型までつくられた。測器の遠隔測定化などのため,気象庁は 1993年から百葉箱を使わなくなったが,学校や地方自治体等では利用されている。
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