Microtone (English spelling)

Japanese: 微分音 - びぶんおん(英語表記)microtone
Microtone (English spelling)

A minute interval narrower than a semitone. In a broader sense, it also includes an expanded interval that has a wider interval than a semitone. Depending on how many times a whole tone is divided, it is called a third tone, a quarter tone, etc. The history of microtones in Western tuning theory is long, starting with the quarter-tone interval called diesis in ancient Greece, and attempts to divide the octave equally after the late Renaissance gave rise to 19, 31, and 53 equal temperament. Since the end of the 19th century, many composers and instrument makers have used quarter tones, third tones, eighth tones, etc. as a means of expanding sound materials. Originally, many of the scale-constituting tones of various ethnic groups showed subtle differences that could not be regulated strictly by the whole tone or semitone of the Western 12-tone equal temperament, and some ethnic groups, such as Western Asia and India, have developed microtones backed by strict theory. Western Asian microtones are called neutral intervals from a Western perspective, and give music a unique and mysterious charm. In Indian music, the concept of microtonals called shruti, which divides an octave into 22 parts, has existed since ancient times, and scales including microtonals are formed based on this concept.

[Miho Minamitani]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

半音よりも狭い微小音程。広義には、半音より広い音程をもつ拡大音程のことも含む。全音を何分割するかによって3分音、4分音などといわれる。西洋における音律論上の微分音の歴史は古く、古代ギリシアのディエシスとよばれる4分音的音程に始まり、後期ルネサンス以降のオクターブを等分しようとする試みが、19、31、53平均律などを生み出した。19世紀末以降は、音素材の拡張手段として4分音、3分音、8分音などが多くの作曲家や楽器製作者によって用いられている。もともと諸民族の音階構成音の多くは、厳密には西洋の十二平均律の全音や半音では律しきれない微妙な差異を示しており、なかには西アジアやインドのように厳密な理論に裏づけられた微分音を発達させた民族もある。西アジアの微分音は西洋の観点により中立音程とよばれ、独自の不思議な魅力を音楽に与えている。インド音楽では、一オクターブを22に分けるシュルティという微分音の概念が古くからあり、それを背景に微分音程を含む音階が形づくられている。

[南谷美保]

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