Here, Greek music will be described separately for ancient Greek music, which was the source of European music, and modern Greek music. [Akiyoshi Nakayama] Ancient GreeceWe can see that the ancient Greeks loved music and incorporated it into their lives from written sources such as myths, legends, epics, tragedies, comedies, and philosophy, as well as from scenes of musical life and music teaching depicted in artworks such as sculptures and vase paintings. Furthermore, the ancient Greeks observed music with scientific insight and left behind excellent books on music theory, which became the basis of music theory in the Middle Ages that followed. The fact that the etymology of modern European and American terms for music, such as "music," comes from the ancient Greek word "mousike," also shows that ancient Greek music was a major source of European music. This mousike has a meaning of art in general, a comprehensive art that includes poetry, music, and dance, and is broader than the meaning of music today. We can see from the epics of Homer that heroes would sing to the accompaniment of the lyre (a stringed instrument) when relaxing in the 8th century BC. The legendary figure Olympus, who is said to have been the first aulos (a double-piped flute) player and who is said to have founded the ancient enharmonium, also had a connection with Asia Minor. Around the 7th century BC, the nomoi (melody) for the kithara, which had an increased number of strings on the lyre, were established. It is said that Thaletas (born in Crete and active in Sparta) and Klonas established the nomoi for the aulos around the same time. In tragedies and comedies, which were popular in the 5th century BC, the chorus (chorus) sang while dancing in the orchestra (at the front of the stage). It is also said that Sappho, Anacreon, Pindar, and others recited epics musically. In ancient Greece, music was also a subject of academic study, and they produced many outstanding results in music theory and aesthetics. For example, Pythagoras (6th century BC) wrote about interval ratios, Aristoxenus (4th century BC) wrote about harmonies and tetrachord scale modes, and, going back to the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy's Harmonia (3 volumes) was the culmination of Greek music theory up to that point. However, not as much music remains as art, and the fragmentary sheet music that has been excavated has not yet been able to support the ideas expressed in many of the excellent theoretical books. [Akiyoshi Nakayama] Modern GreeceFolk musicIn later Greece, where intermarriage with Turkey and Slavs progressed, this background can be seen in the folk heritage of music and dance. That is to say, while melodic expression retains traces of old modes, the rhythm has strong Slavic elements, such as the combination of duple and ternary beats, and many of the instruments used are common to neighboring ethnic groups such as Turkey. The main instruments include stringed instruments such as the lute-type laute, the zither-type kanonaki, the lyra, a bowed string instrument with a pear-shaped body, the santuri, the bouzuki, which has become popular in cities after refugees returned, wind instruments such as the zurna (also called pipiza), which has the same double reed as the aulos, and the tsambuna, a type of bagpipe (mandúra in Crete), and percussion instruments such as the drum-type dauli (Turkish dauur) and the tambourine difi. Among folk songs, the Kleft song and rebetika are particularly noteworthy. The former is a patriotic song praising the Kleft, a guerilla bandit who resisted Turkey during the War of Independence in the 1820s. Rebetika is a relatively new style that began to be sung in bars in downtown areas, mainly in cities, by refugees who had been repatriated from Turkey and other countries, accompanied by the Turkish-originated bouzouki. Greek folk dance has been around for a long time, and there are many different types depending on the region, but they can be broadly divided into syrtós and pidikhtós. The former is a slow, shuffling dance with a long history, and is said to have been danced around the altar during sacred ceremonies in ancient times. The latter is a lively dance with hopping movements. These two types of dance are sometimes combined, and the combinations vary depending on the region, season, etc., and each dance seems to have its own name. [Akiyoshi Nakayama] Art MusicThis developed under the influence of Western Europe from the second half of the 19th century onwards. One particularly noteworthy figure is Manolis Kalomiris (1883-1962). Born in Izmir, now in Turkey, he studied at the University of Vienna and gained fame for his opera The Carpenter's Master (1916, premiered in Athens), symphonies, piano concertos and other works that reflected the characteristics of Greek folk music, and he was the founder of modern national music. After World War II, composers such as Iannis Xenaxis (1922-2001), Nikos Mamangakis (1929-2013), and Jani Christou (1926-1970), who made use of avant-garde techniques, Anestis Logothetis (1921-1994), who used their own unique method of musical notation, and Mikis Theodorakis (1925-2021) and Manos Hadjidakis (1925-1994), who incorporated folk music (such as rebetika). [Akiyoshi Nakayama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ここではギリシア音楽を、ヨーロッパ音楽の源となった古代ギリシアの音楽と、近代ギリシアの音楽に分けて記述する。 [中山明慶] 古代ギリシア古代ギリシア人が音楽を愛好し生活のなかに取り入れていたことは、神話や伝説、叙事詩、悲劇、喜劇、哲学などの文献資料から、また、彫刻や壺絵(つぼえ)のような美術品に描かれている音楽生活や音楽教授の場面からうかがい知ることができる。さらに、古代ギリシア人は科学的洞察力によって音楽の観察を行い、優れた音楽理論書を残し、これは続く中世の音楽理論の基礎となった。近代欧米のmusicなどの音楽総称語の語源が、この古代ギリシアのムーシケーmousikeに由来していることからも、古代ギリシア音楽がヨーロッパ音楽の大きな源となっていることがわかる。このムーシケーは、芸術全般、詩や音楽、舞踊をも含めた総合芸術の意味があり、今日の音楽の意味より幅広い。 紀元前8世紀ころ、英雄たちがくつろぐとき、リラ(弦楽器)を伴奏に歌っていたことがホメロスの叙事詩からうかがい知ることができる。最初のアウロス(双管の縦(たて)笛)奏者と称され、また古いエンハルモニオンを基礎づけたといわれる伝説的人物オリンポスには、小アジアとの関係をみることもできる。前7世紀ころ、リラの弦数を増やしたキタラのためのノモイnomoi(旋律)が定められた。同じころアウロスのノモイを定めたのは、タレタスThaletas(クレタ島生まれ、スパルタで活躍)とクロナスKlonasといわれる。前5世紀ころに盛んに行われていた悲劇や喜劇では、コロス(合唱隊)がオルケストラ(舞台前面)で踊りながら歌った。また、サッフォー、アナクレオン、ピンダロスらによって叙事詩が音楽的に朗唱されたといわれている。 古代ギリシアでは音楽は学問の対象ともされ、音楽理論や音楽美学上優れた成果を残した。たとえば、ピタゴラス(前6世紀)による音程比論、アリストクセノス(前4世紀)によるハルモニア論とテトラコード音階旋法論など、さらに時代は下って紀元2世紀のプトレマイオスの『ハルモニア論』(3巻)は、それまでのギリシア音楽理論の集大成となっている。しかし、美術品ほど音楽は残っておらず、発掘された断片的な楽譜からは、多くの優れた理論書に語られている理念の裏づけを探るには至っていない。 [中山明慶] 近代ギリシア民俗音楽トルコやスラブとの混血が進んだ後世のギリシアでは、音楽や舞踊の民俗的遺産のなかにそのような背景をうかがい知ることができる。すなわち、旋律表現には古い旋法の跡をとどめながらも、リズムにおいては2拍子と3拍子の組合せのようにスラブ的要素が濃厚にみられるし、楽器の種類はトルコなど周辺民族と共通するものが多い。 おもな楽器としては、リュート系のラウートlauto、ツィター系のカノナーキkanonaki、西洋ナシ形の胴をもつ擦弦楽器のリラlyra、打弦楽器のサントゥーリsanturi、難民帰還後都市を中心に親しまれているブズーキbuzúkiなどの弦楽器、アウロスと同じダブルリードのズルナzurna(ピピザpipizaともいう)、バッグパイプの一種のツァンブーナtsambuna(クレタではマンドゥラmandúra)などの管楽器、太鼓類のダウーリdauli(トルコのダウル)とタンバリンのディフィdifiなどの打楽器がある。 民謡でとくに注目されるものに、クレフトの歌とレベティカがある。前者は、1820年代の独立戦争当時トルコにレジスタンスをしていたゲリラ的義賊、クレフトを民衆がたたえた愛国的な歌である。レベティカは、都市を中心に下町の酒場で、トルコなどから送還された難民たちが、トルコ由来のブズーキの伴奏で歌い始めたもので、比較的新しい。 ギリシアの民族舞踊は古くからあり、地方ごとに多くの種類があるが、大きく分けてシルトースsyrtósとピディクトースpidikhtósとになる。前者はゆっくりとすり足で歩くような踊りで歴史は古く、古代においては神聖な儀式の際に祭壇の周囲で踊られたとされる。後者は跳びはねて踊る活発な舞踊である。この2種の踊りは、組み合わせられて踊られることもあり、地方、季節などによって組合せが異なり、それぞれの名称がつけられているようである。 [中山明慶] 芸術音楽これは19世紀後半以降、西ヨーロッパの影響下に展開される。とくに注目すべき人にカロミリスManolis Kalomiris(1883―1962)がある。彼は現在のトルコ領イズミルの出身で、ウィーン大学で学び、ギリシア民謡の特色を反映させて、オペラ『大工の親方』(1916、アテネ初演)、交響曲、ピアノ協奏曲などで名声を博し、国民的現代音楽を創始した。 第二次世界大戦後には、前衛的手法を駆使したクセナキスIannis Xenaxis(1922―2001)、ママンガキスNikos Mamangakis(1929―2013)、クリストゥJani Christou(1926―1970)、独自の記譜法を用いるロゴテティスAnestis Logothetis(1921―1994)、さらに民謡(レベティカなど)を取り入れているテオドラキスMikis Theodorakis(1925―2021)とハジダキスManos Hadjidakis(1925―1994)らの作曲家たちによって代表される。 [中山明慶] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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