Plekhanov, Georgii Valentinovich

Japanese: プレハーノフ（英語表記）Plekhanov， Georgii Valentinovich

Born: December 11, 1856 in Gudalovka
[Died] May 30, 1918. Terijoki. Russian revolutionary and thinker. Father of Russian Marxism. Born into a family of minor nobles in Tambov Province. After graduating from the gymnasium in Voronezh in 1873, he entered the St. Petersburg Mining College. In 1876, he dropped out due to the revolutionary movement. At first, he took a Narodnik stance and participated in the formation of the Land and Freedom (Party), but when the party began to engage in terrorist activities, he opposed it and formed a splinter group (the Total Land Replacement faction). In 1880, he escaped from arrest and fled the country. He spent most of his exile, which lasted until 1917, in Geneva. In 1883, together with PB Akselrod and VI Zasuric, he founded Russia's first Marxist organization, the Labour Liberation League. He wrote works such as "Sotsializm i politicheskaya bor'ba" (1883) (Socialism and the Political Struggle) and "Nashi raznograsiya" (Our Differences of Opinion) (1885), and thus broke with Narodnikism and established the foundations of Russian Marxism. In 1895, he met Lenin, who visited him in Switzerland, and while he established contacts with Marxists in Russia, he continued to fight against "legal Marxism" and the revisionism of E. Bernstein. In 1898, he founded the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party together with Lenin, Martov, and others. In 1900, he founded the first Marxist newspaper, Iskra, to promote Marxism. However, differences arose between him and Lenin over the issues of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the revolutionary potential of the Russian working class, and the alliance between the working and peasant classes. When the party split at the Second Party Congress (Brussels and London) in 1903, Plekhanov initially supported Lenin, but eventually joined the Mensheviks. He continued his political activities, but also devoted himself to the study of philosophy, art, literature, and history, achieving outstanding results. As an important member of the Second International, he took a defeatist stance in the Russo-Japanese War, but in World War I, he supported the Allied forces, believing that the victory of German militarism was detrimental to the Russian revolutionary movement. When the February Revolution occurred, he returned to Russia, conditionally supported the Provisional Government, and opposed the Bolsheviks' desire to seize power, which led to him being condemned as an "enemy of the people."

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1856.12.11. グダロフカ
[没]1918.5.30. テリヨキ
ロシアの革命家，思想家。ロシア・マルクス主義の父。タンボフ県の小貴族の家に生れる。 1873年ボロネジのギムナジウム卒業後，ペテルブルグ鉱山大学に入学。 76年革命運動のために中退。最初はナロードニキ主義の立場に立ち，「土地と自由 (党) 」の結成に参加したが，党がテロ活動に走るようになるや，それに反対して分派 (「全土地割替」派) を結成。 80年逮捕を逃れて国外に脱出。 1917年まで続く亡命生活の大部分をジュネーブで過した。 1883年 P.B.アクセリロード，V.I.ザスーリッチらとともに，ロシア最初のマルクス主義組織「労働解放団」を結成。『社会主義と政治闘争』 Sotsializm i politicheskaya bor'ba (1883) ，『われらの見解の相違』 Nashi raznograsiya (85) などを著わして，ナロードニキ主義と決別，ロシア・マルクス主義の基礎を築いた。 95年スイスに彼を訪れたレーニンと会い，ロシア国内のマルクス主義者と連絡を取る一方，「合法マルクス主義」や E.ベルンシュタインの修正主義などとの闘争を継続。 98年にはレーニン，マルトフらとロシア社会民主労働党を結成。さらに 1900年には最初のマルクス主義新聞『イスクラ』を創刊してマルクス主義の宣伝を行なったが，プロレタリアート独裁の問題，ロシア労働者階級の革命的可能性，労働者階級と農民階級の同盟の問題などをめぐってレーニンとの間に見解の対立が生じ，03年第2回党大会 (ブリュッセル，ロンドン) で党が分裂した際，プレハーノフは当初レーニンを支持しながらも，結局は，いわゆるメンシェビキに属することとなった。その後は政治活動を継続する一方，哲学，芸術，文学，歴史などの研究に専心しすぐれた業績をあげた。第2インターナショナルの重要なメンバーとして，日露戦争には敗北主義の立場をとったが，第1次世界大戦では，ドイツ軍国主義の勝利はロシアの革命運動に不利と考え，連合国側を支持した。二月革命が起るとロシアに戻り，臨時政府を条件付きで支持，ボルシェビキの権力奪取の志向に反対したため，一時「人民の敵」と断罪された。

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