Acute alcohol poisoning

Japanese: 急性アルコール中毒
Acute alcohol poisoning
What kind of disease is it?

●Main symptoms and progression Acute alcohol poisoning is a type of intoxication caused by the sudden and large consumption of alcohol, which reduces the ability to recognize things and leads to inappropriate behavior. Drinking a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time can cause nausea, vomiting, and confusion. The body's ability to regulate its temperature decreases, leading to hypothermia, and dehydration can progress to low blood pressure. If the condition progresses further, it can lead to difficulty breathing and death. It has also been reported that due to impaired consciousness, even if a person falls or falls and suffers an injury, they may not complain of pain, making it difficult for others to notice, and there is a risk of choking on their own vomit. (1)(2)

● Causes of the disease and how symptoms develop Alcohol is considered pharmacologically to be a drug with anesthetic effects. General anesthetics suppress brain activity and cause loss of consciousness, and in this process, an excited phase occurs first, followed quickly by an anesthetic phase in which breathing and pulse rate become stable. However, alcohol is characterized by a very long excited phase and a short anesthetic phase. This long excited phase makes people feel good, and they end up drinking more and more.
About 20% of the alcohol that enters the mouth is quickly absorbed by the stomach, and the remaining 80% is absorbed by the small intestine. It then enters the bloodstream and is distributed throughout the body within a few minutes. After that, most of the alcohol that enters the bloodstream is transported to the liver. When alcohol is metabolized in the liver, it is converted into a substance called acetaldehyde. This is a highly toxic substance, and is also the cause of the unpleasant symptoms of a hangover. Acetaldehyde is eventually broken down into water and carbon dioxide by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.
The amount of alcohol in a person's blood varies considerably depending on factors such as the duration of drinking, the alcohol concentration and amount of alcohol consumed, as well as an individual's physical build and alcohol tolerance. (3)
It has also been reported that it is difficult to accurately predict the relationship between blood alcohol concentration and cognitive or behavioral abnormalities. (4)


●Characteristics of the disease According to a survey by the Tokyo Fire Department, 11,976 people were taken to hospitals by ambulance due to acute alcohol poisoning in Tokyo in fiscal year 2012, of which 45 percent were young people in their 20s. (5)
The Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Examiner's Office, which performs autopsies on people in Tokyo who die suddenly of unknown causes or in accidents, reports that of the 2,451 autopsies performed in 2012, 29 cases were due to acute alcohol poisoning. (6)


EBM checks on common treatments and care

[Treatment and care] Airway management, blood pressure and blood balance management, checking for injuries [Evaluation] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] For patients with severe alcohol poisoning who have difficulty breathing on their own (respiratory depression), airway management such as intubation and artificial respiration is performed. In addition, measures are taken to prevent choking on vomit. If blood pressure is low, intravenous drip is administered, and treatment is provided after blood tests to check whether the blood is acidic.
If there is head trauma or if the examination reveals brain damage, a head CT scan is required. Additional treatment will be provided depending on the results of the head CT scan. (3)

[Treatment and care] Keeps the body warm [Rating] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] In acute alcohol poisoning, hypothermia is often seen due to impaired thermoregulation. In this case, warmed infusions and blankets are used to keep the patient warm.

[Treatment and care] Administer fluid infusion [Evaluation] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] To date, saline infusion has been recommended by experts. However, there has only been one small-scale randomized controlled trial conducted at a single facility on patients who did not require airway management, and the effectiveness of this study could not be proven. (7)
Currently, the decision to administer intravenous fluids is made on-site based on symptoms such as low blood pressure.

[Treatment and care] Assessment of alcohol dependence [Rating] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] Some patients who develop acute alcohol poisoning are people who already have alcohol dependence. In order to improve their long-term life prognosis, treatment for alcohol dependence is necessary. (2)

[Treatment and care] Perform gastric lavage and administer activated charcoal [Evaluation] ★→
[Evaluation points] Alcohol is absorbed quickly into the body, so gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal are ineffective.


Checking commonly used drugs with EBM

[Evaluation Points] Currently, there are no drugs approved in Japan. There are also no drugs approved by the US FDA, and Metadoxine, an alcohol (ethanol) metabolism enhancer, is in the research stage. (4)(8)


Overall, it is the most reliable treatment currently available. Treatment is based on clinical symptoms. Most cases of acute alcohol poisoning require emergency treatment, so they are managed with treatment that is effective for the symptoms that are present.

Check for severe symptoms and treat them accordingly. In the mild stages of alcohol poisoning, symptoms include ataxia, hypoesthesia, slurred speech due to tongue tangling, and vomiting. At more severe stages, symptoms include confusion, respiratory depression, arrhythmia, low blood pressure, and coma. Therefore, it is important to first check for severe symptoms or injuries that could be life-threatening. Treatment is given for each confirmed symptom.

Consideration of the background to heavy drinking Once the acute phase of treatment is completed, consideration will be given to interventions that address alcohol dependence and the social background that led to heavy drinking.

(1)Gmel G, Bissery A, Gammeter R, et al.Alcohol-attributable injuries in admissions to a swiss emergency room--an analysis of the link between volume of drinking, drinking patterns, and preattendance drinking.Alcohol Clin Exp Res.2006;30(3):501-9.
(2)Bouthoorn SH, van der Ploeg T, van Erkel NE, et al.Alcohol intoxication among Dutch adolescents: acute medical complications in the years 2000-2010. ClinPediatr (Phila). 2011 ;50:244-51.
(3) Yost DA. Acute care for alcohol intoxication. Be prepared to consider clinical dilemmas. Postgrad Med. 2002 ;112:14-6, 21-2, 25-6.
(4)Vonghia L, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, et al.; Alcoholism Treatment Study Group. Acute alcohol intoxication. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19:561-7.
(5) Tokyo Fire Department. Beware of drinking-related accidents. http://www.tfd.metro.tokyo.jp/lfe/kyuu-adv/201312/chudoku/
(6) Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Examiner's Office. 2013 edition statistical tables and charts. http://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.jp/kansatsu/database/25toukei.files/28-39.pdf
(7)Perez SR, Keijzers G, Steele M, et al. Intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride therapy does not reduce length of stay of alcohol-intoxicated patients in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial.Emerg Med Australas. 2013 ;25:527-34.
(8)Shpilenya LS, Muzychenko AP, Gasbarrini G, et al. Metadoxine in acute alcohol intoxication: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Alcohol ClinExp Res. 2002 ;26:340-6.

Source: "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" Information about the book "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment"

Japanese:
どんな病気でしょうか?

●おもな症状と経過
 急性アルコール中毒は、急激、かつ大量の飲酒によって、物事を認識する能力が低下し、行動が不適切になる中毒症です。アルコールを短時間に大量に飲むと、吐き気、嘔吐(おうと)が出現し、意識が混濁します。体温調整機能が低下して低体温になり、脱水が進行して低血圧になることがあります。さらに進行した場合は、呼吸困難から死に至ります。また、意識障害のために、転倒や転落をして外傷があっても痛みを訴えないことで周囲に気づかれにくいことや、自らの嘔吐物で窒息(ちっそく)する可能性があることが報告されています。(1)(2)

●病気の原因や症状がおこってくるしくみ
 アルコールは薬理学的には麻酔作用をもった薬物と考えられています。一般の麻酔薬は脳の活動を抑制して意識を失わせますが、この過程では興奮期がはじめにきて、すぐに呼吸や脈拍の安定した麻酔期に入ります。しかし、アルコールは、非常に興奮期が長く、麻酔期が短いという特徴があります。この長い興奮期があるために愉快になり、どんどん飲み続けてしまうことになります。
 口から入ったアルコールは約2割が胃から、残りの約8割が小腸から速やかに吸収されます。そして血液中に入り、数分のうちに全身に行きわたります。その後、血液中に入ったアルコールは、ほとんどが肝臓に運ばれます。肝臓でアルコールが代謝されるとアセトアルデヒドという物質に変化します。これはとても毒性の強い物質で、悪酔いしたときの不快な症状の原因ともなっているものです。アセトアルデヒドはアセトアルデヒド脱水素酵素によって、最終的には水と二酸化炭素に分解されます。
 血液中のアルコール濃度は、飲酒していた時間、飲酒したお酒のアルコール濃度と量だけでなく、個人の体格や、アルコールに対する耐性などによってかなり異なります。(3)
 また、血中アルコールの濃度と、認知機能や行動の異常を正確に予測することは困難だ、という報告もあります。(4)


●病気の特徴
 東京消防庁の調べでは、都内で急性アルコール中毒のために救急車で病院に搬送された人は11,976人(2012年度)で、このうち45パーセントが20歳代の若者でした。(5)
 東京都内で死因がわからず急に亡くなられた人々や事故などで亡くなられた人の剖検を行っている東京都監察医務院では、2012年の2,451件の剖検例のうち、29件が急性アルコール中毒による死亡と報告しています。(6)


よく行われている治療とケアをEBMでチェック

[治療とケア]気道の管理、血圧や血液のバランスの管理、外傷の有無を調べる
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 重症のアルコール中毒により自分で呼吸するのが難しい(呼吸抑制のある)患者さんに対しては挿管や人工呼吸などの気道管理が行われます。また、嘔吐物による窒息を防ぐ処置が行われます。血圧が下がっていれば点滴を行い、血液検査等で血液が酸性に傾いていないかなどの検査の上、治療を行います。
 頭に外傷がある場合、または診察で脳に障害があると判断された場合は、頭部CTの撮影が必要です。頭部CTの検査の結果によって、治療を追加します。 (3)

[治療とケア]体を保温する
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 急性アルコール中毒では体温調整障害によって低体温になることが多くみられます。この場合は、加温した輸液や、毛布などを用い、保温を行います。

[治療とケア]輸液を行う
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 現在まで、専門家の意見として生理食塩水の輸液は推奨されてきました。これに関する研究は、1施設の気道管理を必要としない患者さんに対する小規模なランダム化比較試験の1つのみで、有効性は証明できませんでした。(7)
 現状では輸液するか否かは、低血圧などの症状により現場の判断で行われます。

[治療とケア]アルコール依存症の有無の評価
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 急性アルコール中毒をおこす患者さんのなかに、もともとアルコール依存症等の人がいます。長期的な生命予後を改善するためには、アルコール依存症の治療が必要です。(2)

[治療とケア]胃洗浄や活性炭の投与を行う
[評価]★→
[評価のポイント] アルコールは体内に入ってからの吸収が早いため、胃洗浄や活性炭の投与は無効です。


よく使われている薬をEBMでチェック

[評価のポイント] 現在、日本で認可されている薬物はありません。米国FDAで認可されている薬物もなく、アルコール(エタノール)の代謝促進剤であるMetadoxineが、研究段階にあります。(4)(8)


総合的に見て現在もっとも確かな治療法
治療は臨床症状に応じて行われる
 急性アルコール中毒のほとんどは、緊急性が求められる場合が多いため、現れている症状に対して有効な治療で対処されています。

重度な兆候があるか確認し、それに対する治療を行う
 アルコール中毒の軽い段階では運動失調、知覚鈍麻、舌がもつれるための言語不明瞭、嘔吐がおこり、それ以上になると意識混濁、呼吸抑制や不整脈、血圧の低下、昏睡(こんすい)などが生じます。そこで、まずは生命に直結するような重度な兆候や外傷があるかないかの確認が重要となります。確認されたそれぞれの症状に対して治療が行われます。

多量飲酒の背景に対する配慮
 急性期の治療が終了した段階で、アルコール依存症や、多量飲酒の原因となった社会的な背景に対する介入の検討が行われます。

(1)Gmel G, Bissery A, Gammeter R, et al.Alcohol-attributable injuries in admissions to a swiss emergency room--an analysis of the link between volume of drinking, drinking patterns, and preattendance drinking.Alcohol Clin Exp Res.2006;30(3):501-9.
(2)Bouthoorn SH, van der Ploeg T, van Erkel NE, et al.Alcohol intoxication among Dutch adolescents: acute medical complications in the years 2000-2010. ClinPediatr (Phila). 2011 ;50:244-51.
(3)Yost DA. Acute care for alcohol intoxication. Be prepared to consider clinical dilemmas.Postgrad Med. 2002 ;112:14-6, 21-2, 25-6.
(4)Vonghia L, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, et al.; Alcoholism Treatment Study Group. Acute alcohol intoxication. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19:561-7.
(5)東京消防庁. 飲酒事故に注意しましょう. http://www.tfd.metro.tokyo.jp/lfe/kyuu-adv/201312/chudoku/
(6)東京都福祉保健局 東京都監察医務院. 平成25年版統計表及び統計図表. http://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.jp/kansatsu/database/25toukei.files/28-39.pdf
(7)Perez SR, Keijzers G, Steele M, et al. Intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride therapy does not reduce length of stay of alcohol-intoxicated patients in the emergency department: a randomised controlled trial.Emerg Med Australas. 2013 ;25:527-34.
(8)Shpilenya LS, Muzychenko AP, Gasbarrini G, et al. Metadoxine in acute alcohol intoxication: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Alcohol ClinExp Res. 2002 ;26:340-6.

出典 法研「EBM 正しい治療がわかる本」EBM 正しい治療がわかる本について 情報

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