Counter-Reformation (English spelling)

Japanese: 反宗教改革 - はんしゅうきょうかいかく(英語表記)Counterreformation 英語
Counter-Reformation (English spelling)

The term refers to the Reformation from the Catholic Church. First, it refers to the gathering of Catholic forces against the emerging Protestant forces and the political reaction, and second, it refers to the reform movement within the Catholic Church that was encouraged by the fight against Protestantism. In the first sense, it refers to the series of political struggles centered on the Spanish Habsburgs from the latter half of the 16th century through the Thirty Years' War and up to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The significance of the recapture of southwestern Germany and Poland from Protestants is particularly great. In the second sense, the internal reform of the Catholic Church had been advocated by Christian humanists such as Erasmus of Rotterdam and Spanish Cardinal Jimenez even before Luther's Reformation, and the founding of new religious orders such as the Oratorio (approved in 1516), the Capuchin Order, the Theatine Order, the Barnabas Order, and the Ursuline Order, and the renewal of old religious orders were progressing one after another. This movement accelerated, stimulated by the Reformation of Luther, and with the founding of the Society of Jesus by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540 and the holding of the Council of Trent from 1545 to 1563, the Catholic Church attempted to renew and edify itself in opposition to Protestantism. These movements strengthened the pastoral authority of bishops, trained excellent priests and carried out missionary activities, abolished the long-standing evil of absentee clergy, and had a great effect on the education and guidance of believers. As a result, the penetration of Protestantism was prevented, and lost ground was recovered, and the wave of "geographical discoveries" led to the development of missionary work in the New World. In addition to the revival of scholasticism and the deepening of mystical theology, it also opened up new fronts in humanistic studies of the Bible and the Church Fathers. The development of Baroque art also had its background in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation.

[Takayoshi Sakaguchi]

[References] | Reformation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カトリック教会の側からの宗教改革で、第一には新興プロテスタント勢力に対抗するカトリック勢力の結集と政治的反動をいい、第二にはプロテスタント主義との闘いに助長されたカトリック教会内の改革運動をいう。第一の意味では、16世紀後半より三十年戦争を経て1648年ウェストファリアの和議に至るまでの、スペイン・ハプスブルク家を中心とする一連の政争をさす。とくに南西ドイツおよびポーランドをプロテスタントから奪回した意義は大きい。第二の意味では、カトリック教会の内部改革はルターの宗教改革以前から、ロッテルダムのエラスムス、スペインの枢機卿(すうききょう)ヒメネスらキリスト教的人文主義者によって提唱されており、オラトリオ会(1516認可)をはじめカプチン会、テアティノ会、バルナバ会、ウルスラ会など新修道会の創立や旧修道会の刷新が相次いで進展しつつあった。この動きはルターの宗教改革に刺激されて急速化し、1540年イグナティウス・デ・ロヨラによるイエズス会の創立、1545年より63年におけるトレント公会議の開催によって、プロテスタントに対立してカトリック教会内部の刷新と教化を企図するに至った。これらの運動により、司教の司牧権を強化し、優秀な司祭を養成して布教活動を展開し、多年の悪弊であった不在聖職禄(ろく)を撤廃して、信者の教化善導に大きな効果をあげた。その結果は、プロテスタントの浸透を阻止し、むしろ失地を回復し、「地理上の発見」の波にのって新世界に対する布教にまで発展した。またスコラ学の復興と神秘神学の深まりに加え、人文主義的な聖書および教父研究の新生面を開いた。なお、バロック芸術の発達もこのような反宗教改革の精神を背景とするものである。

[坂口昂吉]

[参照項目] | 宗教改革

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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