Red hat - Akabou

Japanese: 赤帽 - あかぼう
Red hat - Akabou

A business or person who transports personal baggage requested by passengers within a station. Following the example of Western porters, Sanyo Railway is said to have been the first to employ "porters" at Himeji, Okayama, Onomichi, and Hiroshima stations in 1896 (Meiji 29), and to have them wear hats with red ribbons, but some say that a similar service was introduced earlier by Kansai Railway. The government railway (later to become Japan National Railways and then JR) also followed suit, issuing permits for "baggage carriers" to operate within the stations, and this spread to major stations starting with Shimbashi Station in 1897. At the time, the uniform consisted of a navy blue belly wrap, thigh shorts, a half-coat, and a red hunting cap.

The term "akabou" (red hat) became popular due to these appearances, and replaced the previous usage to refer to military personnel (derived from the military caps worn by some members of the army). In 1901 (Meiji 34), the Akabou uniforms worn by the Imperial Japanese Army were changed to a black woolen suit and a red hat with a brass badge. In the same year, Akabou (red hats) were also introduced at the customs office at Yokohama Port.

A fixed fee was charged for transportation, but by World War I at the latest it had become common to add a tip on top of the fee. It is said that even luggage larger than the carry-on limit was tolerated if an Akabou carried it, and from the passenger's perspective, this meant giving a tip to the Akabou in exchange for avoiding the obligation to pay a separate small baggage fare. During the interwar period, this custom was often seen as problematic, and the railway authorities even banned the acceptance of tips. In 1928 (Showa 3), women began operating "white caps" at Kyoto Station and Osaka Station, but this did not catch on.

Businesses or individuals who obtained permission to operate within the premises operated the service, but the business formats varied, with the Railway Kousaikai employing transporters and unions being organized for each station. Tokyo Station was originally organized under a contractor who held the operating rights, but in 1918 (Taisho 7), the system shifted to individuals holding operating rights and forming unions. Operating rights were called "stocks" and could be transferred. Sales were often made between relatives or acquaintances from the same hometown, who acted as guarantors. There were also various methods of distributing profits, but in the case of Tokyo Station, the union would collect both fees and tips and then distribute them equally among the members.

Towards the end of the Second World War, Akabou were abolished or reduced in order to prevent travel and to conscript citizens. Akabou were available at 46 stations under the jurisdiction of the Tokyo Railway Bureau, but all but Tokyo and Ueno stations were abolished in 1944 (Showa 19). Even after the war, the decline was clear by the late 1950s due to a decrease in the amount of luggage carried by passengers, and the decline was accelerated by the spread of wheeled trunks from the 1970s onwards. In the case of Tokyo Station, there were 78 Akabou at the peak before the war, but the number decreased to 45 in 1958 (Showa 33), 26 in 1973 (400-500 nationwide), and 16 in 1980. Akabou closed down at Ueno Station in 2000 (Heisei 12), and at Tokyo Station in 2001, and the last remaining Akabou at Okayama Station also ceased operations in 2006.

However, the demand for train baggage handling services within stations has not disappeared. Shortly after the Tohoku Shinkansen opened in 1982, the Akabou service was revived by the station building management company at Omiya Station in response to requests from foreign tourists, and in 2012, Yamato Transport, a parcel delivery company, revived its porter service within Tokyo Station.

[Takashima Shuichi]

"Carrying Memories: The Last Red Hat at Tokyo Station" by Akio Yamazaki (2001, Eiko Publishing) " "The Last Day of the Red Hat" by Kenji Miyagawa (2003, Shinseiken)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

駅構内において旅客から依頼された手回り品荷物を運搬する業者や人。欧米のポーターporterに倣い、山陽鉄道が1896年(明治29)姫路、岡山、尾道、広島の各駅に「荷運夫(にはこびふ)」を置き、赤色帯を巻いた帽子をかぶせたのが最初とされるが、類似のサービスはこれより早く関西鉄道が導入していたとの説もある。官鉄(のち国鉄、さらにJRとなる)もこれに倣って「手荷物運搬人」の構内営業許可を出すこととし、1897年の新橋駅を皮切りに主要駅に広がった。このときの服装は紺の腹掛け、ももひき、半纏(はんてん)に赤色の鳥打帽(ハンチング)であった。

 これらの姿態が由来となって「赤帽」という呼称が普及し、それまでの軍人をさす用法(陸軍の一部軍帽に由来)にとってかわった。なお、1901年(明治34)より官鉄線の赤帽の制服が改められ、黒羅紗(らしゃ)の「背広」と、赤地に真鍮(しんちゅう)製の徽章(きしょう)を付した帽子となった。また、同年より横浜港の税関でも「赤帽」が導入されている。

 運搬の料金は所定の金額が定められていたが、遅くとも第一次世界大戦期にはチップを上乗せするのが一般的となった。車内携行制限以上の大きさの荷物であっても赤帽が運び込めば黙認されたといい、乗客にしてみれば手小荷物運賃を別途支払う義務から逃れるかわりに赤帽にチップを渡していたことになる。両大戦間期にはこの習慣がたびたび問題視され、鉄道当局がチップの収受を禁じたこともあった。1928年(昭和3)には京都駅と大阪駅で女性による「白帽」の営業も始まったが、普及せずに終わった。

 構内営業許可を得た事業者または個人が営業したが、業態は鉄道弘済会(こうさいかい)が運搬人を雇用する場合や駅ごとに組合が組織される場合など多様であった。東京駅の場合はもともと営業権をもつ請負人のもとに組織されていたが、1918年(大正7)、個人が営業権をもち組合を結成する方式に移行した。営業権は「株」とよばれ譲渡が可能であった。売買は親族や同郷の知己の者同士で行われることが多く、それが身元保証の役割を果たしていたという。利益の分配方法も多様であったと考えられるが、東京駅の場合は料金・チップとも組合がいったん収受し、組合員間で均等に分配する方式をとっていた。

 第二次世界大戦末期には旅行の抑止や国民徴用のため、廃止や縮小が行われた。東京鉄道局管内では46駅に赤帽が置かれていたが、東京・上野の両駅を除いて1944年(昭和19)に廃止された。戦後も、旅客の手荷物携行量減少などで1950年代後半までには退潮が明瞭(めいりょう)となり、1970年代以降は車輪付きのトランクが普及したことで衰退に拍車がかかった。東京駅の場合、戦前の最盛期に78人の赤帽がいたが、1958年(昭和33)45人、1973年26人(全国で400~500人)、1980年16人と減少していった。2000年(平成12)に上野駅で、2001年に東京駅で赤帽が廃業し、最後に残った岡山駅でも2006年に営業を終了した。

 とはいえ、駅構内での鉄道の手荷物運搬サービスの需要そのものは消滅したわけではない。1982年に東北新幹線が開業した直後には外国人旅行客からの要望により大宮駅で駅ビル経営会社による赤帽サービスが復活したことがあるほか、2012年には東京駅で宅配便事業者のヤマト運輸が構内でポーターサービスを復活させている。

[高嶋修一]

『山崎明雄著『思い出背負って――東京駅・最後の赤帽』(2001・栄光出版社)』『宮川健二著『赤帽、最後の日』(2003・新世研)』

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