Identification

Japanese: 同一視 - どういつし(英語表記)identification
Identification

It is also called identification. Generally, it is used synonymously with concepts such as imitation, psychological contagion, empathy, and empathy, but in psychoanalysis, it deals with basic issues in human relationships and is an important concept related to the formation of personality, especially the formation of the ego and superego, and refers to feeling, thinking, and acting in the same way as the object feels, thinks, and acts. Freud distinguishes between primary identification and secondary identification, and primary identification refers to a fundamental emotional connection that appears in a situation where the subject and object are not yet differentiated, but are not completely undifferentiated and there is no distinction between subject and object. For example, it is like the relationship between a newborn baby and its mother, where the child cannot distinguish between himself and his mother, but there is already an emotional connection. Secondary identification occurs in interpersonal relationships where there is a distinction between subject and object. Identification is an unconscious psychological process in which the individual takes on the personality characteristics of others as a model based on such emotional connections and creates an independent personality. Freud's youngest daughter, Anna Freud (1895-1982), emphasized identification with the aggressor as a preliminary stage to the formation of the superego.

Boys in the phallic stage have a special interest in their fathers, and wish to be like them, so one could say they model themselves after their fathers. While they identify with their fathers in this way, they also develop affection for their mothers, creating an Oedipal situation. In order to secure their mother's love, the father becomes an obstacle. Therefore, identification with the father becomes hostile, and the boy seeks to eliminate and replace the father. In this sense, identification is ambivalent. Since ambivalent feelings are also characteristic of the oral stage, it can be thought of as occurring when object selection breaks down and the loss of an object leads to psychological regression. This concept of identification makes it easier to understand neurotic symptoms, homosexuality, and the relationship between group members and leaders, but it is not necessarily a clear and unambiguous concept.

[Daisaku Tonobayashi and Masamichi Kawabata]

"Sorrow and Melancholy" by Freud, translated by Tsuneo Imura (included in "The Collected Works of Freud, Vol. 6", 1970, Jinbun Shoin) " ▽ "Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego" by Freud, translated by Keigo Okonogi (included in "The Collected Works of Freud, Vol. 6", 1970, Jinbun Shoin)""Ego and Defense, 2nd Edition by Anna Freud, translated by Daisaku Tonobayashi (1985, Seishin Shobo)"

[Reference item] | Freud | Defense mechanism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

同一化ともいう。一般的には模倣、心理的感染、共感、感情移入といったような概念と同義語のように使われるが、精神分析では人間関係の基本的問題を扱い、人格の形成、とくに自我や超自我の形成とかかわりのある重要な概念であり、対象が感じ、考え、行為するのと同じように感じ、考え、行為することをいう。フロイトにおいては一次的同一視と二次的同一視が区別されるが、一次的同一視は主と客はまだ分化していないが、まったく未分化で主客の区別がないのでもない状況で表れる根源的な感情のつながりのことをいう。たとえば生まれたばかりの嬰児(えいじ)と母親との関係のようなもので、子供には自分と母親の区別はできないが、そこにはすでに感情的なつながりがあるというのである。二次的同一視は主客の区別のある対人関係のなかでおきるものである。こうした感情的なつながりをもとにして他人の人格的な諸特性を手本として自分のなかに取り入れ、独立した人格をつくりあげる無意識的な心理過程が同一視とよばれるものである。フロイトの末娘アンナ・フロイトAnna Freud(1895―1982)は、超自我形成の前段階として攻撃者との同一視を重視している。

 男根期の男の子は父親に対して特別な関心をもち、父親のようになりたいと願っており、父親を手本にしているといってもよい。このように父親と同一視している反面、母親に愛情をもつようになりエディプス的状況がおきてくる。そこで母親の愛情を確保するためには、父親はじゃま者になってくる。そのため父親との同一視は敵意を含んだものとなり、父親を排除し、とってかわろうとするものとなる。この意味で同一視は、アンビバレントambivalent(両面感情的)な感情をもつものである。アンビバレントな感情は口唇期の特徴をも示すものであるから、同一視は対象選択が破綻(はたん)し、対象喪失によって心理的に退行したときにおこるものであるとも考えられる。こうした同一視の概念によって、神経症の症状、同性愛、集団における成員と指導者との関係などの理解が容易になるが、同一視はかならずしも一義的に明確な概念ではない。

[外林大作・川幡政道]

『フロイト著、井村恒郎訳「悲哀とメランコリー」(『フロイト著作集6』所収・1970・人文書院)』『フロイト著、小此木啓吾訳「集団心理学と自我の分析」(『フロイト著作集6』所収・1970・人文書院)』『アンナ・フロイト著、外林大作訳『自我と防衛』第2版(1985・誠信書房)』

[参照項目] | フロイト | 防衛機制

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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