Hakone Pass - Hakone Pass

A checkpoint (Hakone-machi, Ashigarashimo-gun, Kanagawa Prefecture) was set up on the shores of Lake Ashi in Mt. Hakone on the Tokaido. Its origins date back to ancient times, and during the Jōkyū War (1221) in the Kamakura period, there was talk of intercepting the forces of Kyoto at the checkpoints on both the Ashigara and Hakone roads. During the Nanboku-chō period, a checkpoint was set up near Hakone Ashigawa-juku, and the proceeds were used to cover repairs to Engaku-ji Temple in Kamakura. This is thought to be the checkpoint that was located near the torii gate to the side of Hakone Gongen in Motohakone, and the Edo shogunate moved the aforementioned checkpoint next to the newly established Hakone-juku in 1618 (Genwa 4), and the following year it remained in place until 1869 (Meiji 2). Hakone Checkpoint was the Shogunate's "Heavy Checkpoint" and was managed and guarded by the Odawara Domain. The emphasis there was on censoring "women leaving" rather than "guns entering". Checkpoint officials consisted of a head clerk, side-eye, guard, foot soldier, and middle man (about 20 people in total) who worked in 20-day shifts from Odawara Castle, as well as three regular Hakone residents and a hitomi woman. Inside the checkpoint through the Kabukimon Gate, on the Lake Ashi side, there was a notice board and a face guard station, on the other side, a foot soldier station and a prison house, and behind them, on Byobuyama, was the Toomi guard station. Outside the gate, at the main inn of Hakone-juku, the husband's wife would carry out physical examinations of the daimyo's wives instead of the Hitomi-onna. It is currently designated as a national historic site and is open to the public.

[Yoshinari Maruyama]

"Hakone Hachi-ri" by Ishiuchi Tamejiro (1913, Ishiuchi Ryokan, Hakone Town)" ▽ "Hakone Checkpoint Research Group, compilation, "Collection of Historical Documents on the Hakone Checkpoint on the Tokaido Road," 3 volumes (1972-75, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "Hakone Checkpoint, 5th Edition, by Tateki Nozomi (1978, Hakone Checkpoint Management Office, Hakone Town)" ▽ "Hakone Checkpoint Story, by Kato Toshiyuki (1985, Kanagawa Shimbun)" ▽ "Hakone, reprint edition (1990), compiled and published by the editorial department of Iwanami Shoten"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

東海道の箱根山芦(あし)ノ湖(こ)畔に設けられた関所（神奈川県足柄下(あしがらしも)郡箱根町）。その始源は古く、鎌倉時代の承久(じょうきゅう)の乱（1221）には、足柄(あしがら)・箱根両道の関で京方の軍勢を迎撃すべしとの議あり、南北朝時代には、箱根芦川宿のへんに関所を設けて鎌倉円覚(えんがく)寺の修理料にあてている。これは元箱根の箱根権現(ごんげん)横大門鳥居のへんにあった関所とみられ、江戸幕府は、1618年（元和4）新設の箱根宿に隣接して翌年前述の関所を移転、以後1869年（明治2）まで常置された。箱根関所は幕府の「重キ関所」の筆頭であり、小田原藩がこれを預り警衛した。そこでは「入鉄炮(いりでっぽう)」よりも「出女(でおんな)」の検閲に重点が置かれた。関所役人は、小田原城下から20日間交代で勤番する番頭(ばんがしら)、横目(よこめ)、番士、足軽(あしがる)、中間(ちゅうげん)（計20人程度）と、箱根常住の定番人（三人）、人見(ひとみ)女からなる。冠木(かぶき)門を入った関所内には、芦ノ湖側に高札(こうさつ)場・面(めん)番所が並び、反対側には足軽番所と獄屋、その裏手の屏風(びょうぶ)山には遠見(とおみ)番所があった。門外の箱根宿の本陣では、亭主の女房が人見女にかわり大名の奥方などの身体検査をした。現在、国史跡に指定、公開されている。

［丸山雍成］

『石内為次郎著『箱根八里』（1913・箱根町石内旅館）』▽『箱根関所研究会編『東海道箱根宿関所史料集』全3冊（1972～75・吉川弘文館）』▽『立木望隆著『箱根の関所』第5版（1978・箱根町箱根関所管理事務所）』▽『加藤利之著『箱根関所物語』（1985・神奈川新聞社）』▽『岩波書店編集部編・刊『箱根』復刻版（1990）』

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