Emergency Adjustment - Emergency Adjustment

Japanese: 緊急調整 - きんきゅうちょうせい
Emergency Adjustment - Emergency Adjustment

When a dispute occurs in a public utility, large-scale business, or business of a special nature, and there is a real possibility that it will seriously endanger the national economy and livelihood, the Prime Minister decides on a method of labor dispute adjustment after hearing the opinion of the Central Labor Relations Commission (CRC). This system was newly introduced in 1952 (Showa 27) when the Labor Relations Adjustment Act (Act No. 25 of 1946) was revised. The old Labor Relations Adjustment Act stipulated that a request for mediation must be made to the Labor Relations Commission in advance for a dispute in a public utility, and that a dispute could only be carried out 30 days after the prescribed procedure had been completed. With the enactment and revision of the National Public Service Act and the Labor Relations Act for Public Corporations, etc. (currently the Law Concerning Labor Relations of Administrative Execution Corporations), the issue of how to regulate large-scale disputes in public utility and similar businesses became an issue in the revision of the Labor Relations Adjustment Act. As a result, a council was set up within the Ministry of Labor (now the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) to consider the issue, but ultimately no consensus could be reached, so the Ministry of Labor, taking into consideration the opinions of the council's public interest members, introduced the current emergency adjustment system.

The Labor Relations Adjustment Law prescribes the procedure for emergency adjustment as follows: The Prime Minister may decide on emergency adjustment only when the suspension of work due to labor disputes in public utilities and similar businesses "is deemed to be likely to seriously impede the operation of the national economy or seriously endanger the daily lives of the people, and such a risk actually exists" (Article 35-2). When making a decision on emergency adjustment, the Prime Minister must first hear the opinion of the Central Labor Relations Commission (Article 35-2, Paragraph 2), and when he has made the decision, he must immediately make it public with a statement of the reasons and notify the Central Labor Relations Commission and the parties involved at the same time (Article 35-2, Paragraph 3). Upon receiving this notification, the Central Labor Relations Commission will handle the case in question with priority over all other cases (Article 35-4).

The measures that the Central Labor Relations Commission should take are as follows:
(1) Mediation
(2) Mediation
(3) Arbitration
(4) Investigation and public disclosure of the facts of the incident
(5) There are five means for recommending measures necessary for the settlement of a case (Article 35-3). And once a decision on emergency adjustment is made public, the parties concerned are prohibited from engaging in industrial action for 50 days from the date of publication (Article 38). Violations are subject to criminal penalties (Article 40).

As can be seen from the fact that this emergency adjustment system was introduced as an alternative to the proposed "General Strike Prohibition Law," it allows the state to intervene in large-scale labor disputes. In principle, labor disputes are to be resolved independently by labor and management. Therefore, the emergency adjustment system is extremely rare, and in fact has only been invoked once before, during the 1952 strike by the Japan Coal Mine Workers' Union.

[Hiroshi Murashita and Mikio Yoshida]

[References] | Mediation | Law Concerning Labor Relations of Administrative Execution Corporations | Central Labor Relations Commission | Arbitration | Conciliation | Labor Relations Adjustment Act | Labor disputes

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

公益事業、大規模な事業あるいは特別の性質の事業における争議行為の発生に際して、国民経済・生活を著しく危うくするおそれが現実にある場合、中央労働委員会(中労委)の意見を聴いて内閣総理大臣が決定する労働争議調整方法。この制度は、1952年(昭和27)の労働関係調整法(昭和21年法律第25号)の改正に際して新しく導入されたものである。旧労働関係調整法は、公益事業での争議行為について、事前に労働委員会に調停を申請すること、および所定の手続後30日を経過して初めて争議行為を実行できることを定めていた。国家公務員法および公共企業体等労働関係法(現、行政執行法人の労働関係に関する法律)の制定・改正に伴い、労働関係調整法改正においては、公益事業およびそれに準ずる事業における大規模な争議行為をどう規制するかが問題となった。その結果、労働省(現、厚生労働省)内部に審議会を設けて検討がなされたが、最終的には意見の一致がみられず、労働省が審議会の公益委員の意見を参考にして導入したのが現行の緊急調整制度である。

 労働関係調整法は緊急調整の手続について次のように定めている。公益事業およびそれに準ずる事業における争議行為による業務の停止が、「国民経済の運行を著しく阻害し、又は国民の日常生活を著しく危くする虞(おそれ)があると認める事件について、その虞が現実に存するときに限り」、内閣総理大臣は緊急調整を決定できる(35条の2)。そして内閣総理大臣は、緊急調整の決定を行うときには、あらかじめ中労委の意見を聴かなければならず(35条の2第2項)、決定を行ったときには、ただちに理由を附してその旨を公表し、同時に中労委および関係当事者に通知しなければならない(35条の2第3項)。この通知を受けた中労委は、ほかのすべての事件に優先して当該事件を処理する(35条の4)。

 中労委がとるべき処理方法としては、
(1)斡旋(あっせん)
(2)調停
(3)仲裁
(4)事件の実情調査および公表
(5)事件解決に必要な措置の勧告
の五つの手段がある(35条の3)。そして緊急調整決定の公表があれば、関係当事者は公表の日から50日間は争議行為を禁止される(38条)。違反には刑罰が科せられる(40条)。

 この緊急調整制度は、いわゆる「ゼネスト禁止法」案の代案として導入された経緯にみられるとおり、大規模な労働争議に国家が介入することを認めるものである。本来、労働争議は、労使が自主的に解決することが原則である。したがって、緊急調整制度はきわめて例外的なものであり、実際、これまで1952年の炭労(日本炭鉱労働組合)ストライキの際に発動されたことがあるだけである。

[村下 博・吉田美喜夫]

[参照項目] | 斡旋 | 行政執行法人の労働関係に関する法律 | 中央労働委員会 | 仲裁 | 調停 | 労働関係調整法 | 労働争議

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Emergency Decree - Kinkyuu Chokuri

>>:  Emergency arrest - emergency arrest

Recommend

Daijizaiten - Daijizaiten

A Buddhist deity. Maheshvara is a translation of ...

Organization chart - Soshikizu (English spelling) organization chart

A diagram showing the structure of an organization...

Gendou Yano - Harumichi Yano

A scholar of Japanese classics who was active fro...

Environment Agency - Environment Agency

The Environment Agency is a national environmental...

Vulva - Gai Iinbu

Also called the external genitalia. The reproducti...

Mr. Houshi

To expel a clan member from the clan to which he ...

Emmenagogue - emmenagogue

Drugs that improve or eliminate menstrual stagnati...

Local History - Kyodoshi

〘 noun 〙 History related to one's hometown. ※G...

Red cinchona (English spelling)

...Several species are cultivated for their indus...

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

A military commander in the Azuchi-Momoyama perio...

Tuner - tuner

A circuit or device that selects the desired radi...

Udee

...Population: 1900 (1989). Russians call them Ud...

Kariya Domain

...A feudal lord in the early Edo period. Lord of...

Skidmore, L.

...known for designing large commercial buildings...

Tagalog - Tagalog (English spelling) Tagalog

One of the major ethnic groups in the Philippines....