Mount Hakone

Japanese: 箱根山 - はこねやま
Mount Hakone
A general term for the volcanic edifice that straddles both Kanagawa and Shizuoka prefectures, with Hakone-machi in Kanagawa at its center. It is made up of the main peak, Mt. Kamiyama (1,438 meters above sea level), central crater cones such as Mt. Komagatake, Lake Ashi formed by volcanic activity, and two somma (a range of mountains surrounding the central crater cone). The area is designated as part of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, and with hot springs gushing out from the mountainside and at the foot of the mountain, it is one of Japan's leading tourist destinations. It was certified as a Japanese Geopark in September 2012.
There have been no eruptions since the phreatic explosion at Owakudani, which is said to have occurred in the 12th or 13th century, but repeated earthquake swarms have been observed, and it has been designated an active volcano by the Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions, which defines it as "a volcano that has erupted approximately within the past 10,000 years or a volcano currently exhibiting vigorous fumarolic activity."
On May 6, 2015, volcanic activity intensified, with earthquakes occurring more frequently, and the Japan Meteorological Agency raised the "eruption alert level" (a five-level system indicating the extent of danger and evacuation measures for residents and climbers depending on the state of volcanic activity) around Owakudani, the most recent eruption site of the Hakone volcano, from "1 (normal, later changed to "be aware that it is an active volcano")" to "2 (restrictions around the crater)." As a result, as of the end of May 2015, a 300-meter radius of Owakudani was designated a restricted access area. In addition, more than 5,000 volcanic earthquakes have occurred since April 26 of the same year.
According to experts, there is magma 10 kilometers underground in Mount Hakone, and it is believed that the recent swarm of earthquakes was caused by gas emitted from the magma becoming blocked on its way to the surface, causing energy to build up underground.
The prolonged volcanic activity has also dealt a blow to the local tourism industry, with a tourism trend survey conducted by Hakone town on May 10th showing that the number of people visiting Hakone had fallen to 76% of the same period last year. Some hot spring inns in Hakone town have seen cancellations of hotel reservations. In order to calm the situation, Kanagawa prefecture has announced plans to spend approximately 160 million yen to install surveillance cameras and seismometers around Owakudani in order to strengthen monitoring of eruption activity. It has also decided to fly drones (small unmanned aircraft) into restricted access areas to survey the crater and tourist facilities.
As of June 17, 2015, seven volcanoes are at eruption alert level 2, including Mt. Hakone, Mt. Kusatsu-Shirane in Gunma Prefecture, and Mt. Asama on the border between Nagano and Gunma. Kuchinoerabujima in Kagoshima Prefecture, which experienced an explosive eruption on May 29, 2015, is at level 5 (evacuation), calling for the highest level of caution, while Mt. Ontake on the border between Nagano and Gifu Prefecture, which erupted in September 2014, killing 57 people and causing the greatest damage since the war, and Sakurajima in Kagoshima Prefecture are at level 3 (mountain entry restrictions).

(Writer: Minami Fumie/2015)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
神奈川県箱根町を中心に、神奈川と静岡の両県にまたがる火山体の総称。主峰・神山(標高1438メートル)や駒ヶ岳などの中央火口丘、火山活動の影響でできた芦ノ湖、二つの外輪山(中央火口丘を取り囲む山の連なり)で構成されている。一帯は富士箱根伊豆国立公園に指定され、山腹や山麓で温泉が湧き、日本有数の観光地となっている。2012年9月には日本ジオパークの認定を受けている。
12~13世紀に起きたとされる大涌谷(おおわくだに)の水蒸気爆発以来、噴火はないが、繰り返し群発地震活動が観測されているため、火山噴火予知連絡会により、「おおむね過去1万年以内に噴火した火山および現在活発な噴気活動のある火山」と定義される活火山に選定されている。
15年5月6日、地震が頻繁に起こるなど火山活動が活発化し、気象庁は、箱根の火山活動の最も新しい爆裂口である大涌谷周辺の「噴火警戒レベル」 (火山活動の状況に応じて、住民や登山者に向けて危険が及ぶ範囲や避難行動を5段階で示したもの)を、「1(平常、後に表現を「活火山であることに留意」に変更)」から「2(火口周辺規制)」に引き上げた。このため、15年5月末時点で、大涌谷周辺の半径300メートルが立ち入り制限区域となっている。また、同年4月26日から5千回以上、火山性地震が発生している。
専門家によると、箱根山には地下10キロにマグマがあり、今回の群発地震は、マグマから発散するガスが地表に抜ける途中で詰まり、地下にエネルギーがたまったことから引き起こされたとみられている。
火山活動の長期化は地元の観光産業にも打撃を与えており、箱根町が5月10日に行った観光動向調査の結果では、箱根を訪れる人の数は、前年同時期の76%に落ち込んだ。箱根町の温泉旅館などでは、宿泊予約のキャンセルが出ているところもある。神奈川県は事態の鎮静化のため、噴火活動の監視強化を目的に約1億6000万円をかけて、大涌谷周辺に監視カメラや地震計を設置する方針を発表。立ち入り制限区域内にドローン(小型無人機)を飛ばして火口や観光設備を調査することも決めている。
15年6月17日現在、噴火警戒レベルが2となっているのは、箱根山のほか、群馬県の草津白根山、長野と群馬の県境にある浅間山など7火山。15年5月29日に爆発的な噴火を起こした鹿児島県の口永良部島は、最大級の警戒を呼びかける「5(避難)」、14年9月に噴火し、死者57人という戦後最大の被害を出した長野と岐阜の県境にある御嶽山、鹿児島県の桜島は「3(入山規制)」である。

(南 文枝 ライター/2015年)

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