Pipeline - Pipeline (English spelling)

Japanese: パイプライン - ぱいぷらいん(英語表記)pipeline
Pipeline - Pipeline (English spelling)

A facility for transporting fluids through pipes. In terms of the objects being transported, they can be divided into gas transport of natural gas, city gas, carbon dioxide, and other chemical gases, liquid transport of petroleum, liquefied natural gas, water supply and sewage, industrial water, caustic soda, and other liquid transport, and solid transport of slurry (a suspension of powder), powders, granules, capsules, etc. Among these, oil and natural gas pipelines are large-scale means of transport.

The characteristic of a large-scale pipeline is that it can transport large volumes of fluids over long distances continuously, efficiently, economically, and safely. Although there are rare cases of pipelines that use gravity flow like sewers, most pipelines use a pressure system, so the pipes are subjected to considerable pressure. In addition, most pipes are buried underground and are subject to the effects of soil pressure, pressure from vehicles, uneven settlement, earthquakes, etc., so careful consideration is required in the planning, design, and construction of the pipelines.

The origin of the pipeline dates back to the Roman aqueducts in the 3rd century BC, but it has been over the past 100 years since the development of oil and natural gas pipelines. The first oil pipeline, about 300 meters long, was installed in the United States in 1862. Steel pipes were used in 1895, and in the 20th century, large crude oil pipelines were developed connecting new oil fields in the southwestern United States with existing refineries and coastal terminals in the eastern United States. Natural gas pipelines developed rapidly after World War II. In Japan, the Tokyo Pipeline (330 km long, 30 cm diameter, 50 kg/cm2 pressure, completed in 1962), which transports natural gas from Niigata to Tokyo, is a full-scale pipeline.

[Shoichi Kobayashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

パイプを通じて流体などを輸送するための施設。その種類を輸送対象物別にみると、天然ガス、都市ガスや炭酸ガスなどの化学ガスの気体輸送、石油、液化天然ガス、上下水、工業用水、カ性ソーダなどの液体輸送、スラリーslurry(粉体の懸濁液)、粉粒体やカプセルなどの固体輸送に分けられる。このうち大規模な輸送手段としては、石油と天然ガスのパイプラインがある。

 大規模のパイプラインの特徴は大量の流体を連続的、効率的、経済的、かつ安全に遠距離に輸送できることである。パイプラインでは下水道のような自然流下式のものもまれにはあるが、一般には圧送方式が用いられるので、パイプはかなりの高圧を受ける。またパイプの大部分は地中に埋設され、土の圧力、車両からの圧力、不等沈下や地震などの影響を受けるので、その計画、設計、施工にあたっては慎重な配慮が必要である。

 パイプラインの起源は紀元前3世紀のローマの水道までさかのぼるが、石油や天然ガスのパイプラインが発展したのはこの100年余の間であり、アメリカ合衆国で1862年に長さが300メートル程度の石油パイプラインを設置したのが最初という。1895年に鋼管が使用され、20世紀に入るとアメリカ合衆国南西部の新油田地域と東部の既存製油所や海岸ターミナルとを結ぶ大規模な原油パイプラインが発達した。天然ガスパイプラインは第二次世界大戦後に急速に発達した。日本では、新潟の天然ガスを東京へ輸送する東京パイプライン(延長330キロメートル、口径約30センチメートル、圧力50キログラム毎平方センチメートル、1962年完成)が本格的なものである。

[小林昭一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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